Test 4. THE RENAISSANCE AND SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY RATIONALISM
1. The tradition of scholasticism was maintained in the Renaissance by figures such as … and ….
A. Cajetan and Francisco Suarez
B. Marsilio Ficino and Pietro Pomponazzi
C. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola and Giordano Bruno
D. Tommaso Campanella and Niccolò Machiavelli
2. The main sources of philosophical inspiration of the Renaissance were … and Aristotle.
A. Plato
B. Heraclitus
C. Anaxagoras
D. Anaximander
3. The principal concerns of Renaissance writers were … (embracing science, occultism, and metaphysics), psychology (including theory of knowledge), and moral and political philosophy.
A. Logic
B. Aesthetics
C. Social philosophy
D. Philosophy of nature
4. Arguably the first major Renaissance philosopher was ….
A. Nicholas of Cusa
B. Francisco Suarez
C. Desiderius Erasmus
D. Thomas More
5. Arguably the last major Renaissance philosopher was ….
A. Niccolò Machiavelli
B. Francisco Suarez
C. Cajetan
D. Marsilio Ficino
6. Ficino founded Neoplatonic academy in ...
A. Florence
B. Rome
C. London
D. Venice
7. The term ‘the seventeenth-century …’ is used to pick out a number of seventeenth-century philosophers, the chief of whom were Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz.
A. Rationalists
B. Empiricists
C. Theologians
D. Logicians
8. Those who regard Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz as a group often contrast them with the ‘British empiricists’, namely Locke, Berkeley and ….
A. Nicolas Malebranche
B. Geulincx
C. Hume
D. Marsilio Ficino
9. The first public manifestation of the seventeenth-century rationalism was in … “Discourse on Method”.
A. Descartes’s
B. Nicolas Malebranche’s
C. Spinoza’s
D. Locke’s
10. The seventeenth-century rationalism ended in 1716, the year in which … —still philosophically active—died.
A. Descarte
B. Leibniz
C. Spinoza
D. Geulincx
Test 5. BRITISH PHILOSOPHY AND THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
1. Ireland could boast of … and Burke.
A. Richard Price
B. George Berkeley
C. Hume
D. d’Alembert
2. As a general characterization of the enlightenment’s aims, there is much to recommend … definition of enlightenment as “the freedom to make a public use of one’s reason in all matters”.
A. Kant’s
B. Hume’s
C. Francis Hutcheson’s
D. Diderot’s
3. Sometimes histories of philosophy use the term … to characterize the philosophy of the enlightenment.
A. ‘Rationalism’
B. ‘Empiricism’
C. ‘Objective idealism’
D. ‘Materialism’
4. The deists clung onto those beliefs they regarded as rationally defensible: for example, in a first cause, …., immortality and, sometimes, retribution for wrong-doing.
A. An intelligent general providence
B. Revelation
C. Miracles
D. A divinely-ordained ecclesiastical hierarchy
5. John Toland, Anthony Collins, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and many other thinkers of the enlightenment were …
A. Empiricists
B. Materialists
C. Deists
D. Epicureans
6. … used his scepticism to defend tolerance towards those with whom one disagreed (still very controversial in religious matters in his time) and to underline the necessity of faith.
A. Pierre Bayle
B. Hume
C. Aquinas
D. Bonaventura
7. Hume links … about ‘systems’ and ‘hypotheses’ with a preference for empirical arguments.
A. Rationalism
B. Skepticism
C. Deism
D. Atheism
8. The term … is used broadly of anyone who thinks that all knowledge of the world is based upon experience.
A. ‘Empiricist’
B. ‘Deist’
C. ‘Materialist’
D. ‘Rationalist’
9. The attention to English early Enlightenment figures, such as … , is easily justified, since they were important influences on the Enlightenment elsewhere.
A. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
B. Voltaire
C. Locke
D. Pierre Bayle
10. Defenders of what is called ‘the Enlightenment’, such as … , commonly used the metaphor of spreading light to refer to the kind of intellectual and cultural progress they believed in.
A. d’Alembert
B. Descartes
C. Leibniz
D. Desiderius Erasmus
Test 6. GERMAN IDEALISM
1. A judgment is … if its negation results in logical absurdity.
A. Synthetic
B. Analytic
C. A posteriori
D. A proposition
2. ‘A green thing is coloured’ is … judgment.
A. Synthetic
B. Analytic
C. A posteriori
D. Philosophical
3. Any judgment which is not analytic is …, notably judgments about empirical matters of fact, in particular those stating empirical laws of nature, such as ‘copper conducts electricity’.
A. False
B. True
C. A priori
D. Synthetic
4. Among Kant’s great works were … remarkable and remarkably difficult Critiques.
A. Three
B. Two
C. Four
D. Six
5. The first Critique examined the capacities and limitations of … and the necessary conditions for knowledge.
A. Reason
B. Body
C. Life
D. Society
6. … invites us to disregard external objects and our mental states and to focus exclusively on the I that apprehends both external objects and mental states.
A. Fichte
B. Hegel
C. Schopenhauer
D. Kant
7. … system is characterized by the use of a dialectic of thesis, antithesis and synthesis.
A. Fichte’s
B. Hegel’s
C. Schopenhauer’s
D. Kant’s
8. Hegel’s philosophy could perhaps be described as an attempt to trace the development or emergence of … , both systematically in a logical doctrine of categories and historically in the process of world history.
A. ‘Spirit’
B. ‘Matter’
C. ‘Earth’
D. ‘Cosmos’
9. … saw his chief contribution to philosophy as the identification of the Kantian thing-in-itself with the will, and emphasized the role of will in the world, both animate and inanimate.
A. Fichte
B. Hegel
C. Schopenhauer
D. Kant
10. … offers an ethic of pessimistic resignation strongly influenced by Indian thought.
A. Fichte
B. Hegel
C. Schopenhauer
D. Kant