In this article, “How Place Names Impact The Way We See Landscape”, it kinda shows us or tells us about how most place names are impacted their landscape.It’s important to remember that when we try to trace the origins of any place name there is lots of misinforming making claims that simply aren’t true. This should remind you that original  stories about place names are themselves a form of myth and folktale-perhaps inaccurate, but intelling in their own right because they record people’s beliefs Lack factual grounding. As scholars of place names, it is important to pay close attention to local folklore, storytelling, and antiquarian topics that you might otherwise dismiss. Many place names have many stories explaining their origins, and to the extent that people believe those stories, they function as elements in the remembered histories of landscape, even though they also need to be scrutinized critically for their historical inaccuracies.

In this article it first talks about how the government allowed the force of gun point if necessary to relocate Native Americans to reservations anywhere else in the country. The wholesale move to reservations was made easier for the government by the fact that between battles and diseases, the number of tribes had been reduced to 100 from the original pre-contact 600. Also that the reservations they were forced to wear bare and had little natural sources they had to rely on traditional ways. The Native American were forced to accept the area they were forced to in return for grantees for land , water and other resources, including food. It then goes on to talk about how while on the reservations assimilated to the white culture was the goal.  Also that agriculture was the means to dispossess Native American from their nomadic habitats and make them settle. Federal food programs that were on reservations gave out traditional foods like beans, beef (or its equivalent in bacon ), flour, coffee and sugar were given out twice a month which led to a dietary change in Native Americans. The government's intention was to supply food till Native Americans were raising enough food for their own people but instead Native American depended on the food that was given to them. Also that the BIA ordered agents to enforce labor by withholding rations. It goes on to say that in 1879 ten of thousands children were removed from their homes and sent often hundreds of miles away to boarding schools run by government agencies and missionaries. They were required to speak English and wear western dress, they were also isolated from their families and what little was left of their tribal traditions. The Indian girls were taught European cooking techniques with rations, stoves, yeast, iron griddles and frying pans. Prohibited from practicing their culture, they returned to reservations without knowing how to collect, process, and cook wild foods. The diet at the schools often consisted primarily of starches with little fresh fruit or vegetables.The training at these boarding schools was intended to shape these children for a future as members of the lower socioeconomic status as small-scale farmers and domestics. It starts to talk about how the Dawes Act was one of the most significant laws in Native American history because it outlawed traditional communal ownership of lands.  Also in 1887, Congress opened up for white settlement 2 million acres in Indian Territory (Oklahoma). By 1907, tribal lands in the United States had been reduced by more than half. Also that Native Americans reached their lowest population after the turn of the 20th century. Their traditions of working the land, gathering wild plants, hunting and fishing communally had been broken forever. In the end it talks about how By the 1970s on both the Navajo and Hopi reservations, pottery vessels had been replaced by aluminum, stainless steel or even pressure cookers, and grinding stones by electric grinders and food mills. Many families owned refrigerators, freezers and electric stoves. Also that The women shopped at supermarkets for processed foods, Instead of traditional foods, Native Americans just like other Americans were eating high fat, high calorie, and high salt and sugar processed foods lacking the micronutrients found in traditional, fresh foods.

In this video it talks about how farmers and community members from Alcalde, New Mexico and  various native and people from a community operated watercourse came together to sign a seed sovereignty declaration. The declaration was made to find common ground in agricultural survival of the region and to address the potential of genetic engineering to corrupt their traditional crops and way of life. The video also talks about how agricultural life is the continuation of an unbroken lie from our ancestors to us to the younger generations. Also it talks about how our ancestors developed a relationship with plants that allowed their cultivation for food and medicine and how it's the central element of our culture and its survival for thousands of years in regions throughout the world. Also the crops we plant today came together in new mexico with the meeting of spanish mexican and native american cultures to create a unique and diverse indigenious agriculture system. Also that we will work together to address the other environmental abuses that contaminate our air, soil, and water quality that certainly affects our health, the health of our seeds, and our agricultural and future generations. Lastly how communities came together for communal work such as cleaning ditches, preparing fields, and participating in ceremonies and prayers also blessings.

In this video it is presented by a guy from Hopi whose name is Kyle Kootswatewa. He graduated from IAIA. First he talks about his life like where he's from which is Hopi and he goes on to talk about how he was raised mostly by his great grandmother in the lower Moenkopi village which is part of the Hopi villages. As he grew up learning about his cultural he  went to extend his knowledge into arts and crafts and he learned things from his uncle like learning different plants 

and their hopi names, also what they are used for culturally, then talks about how his grandma was teaching him how to cook and also learning about seeds and  agriculture like planting and seed saving. He goes on to talk about how he is part of a land grant and how he worked on projects. He talked about how he and his partners did a program which was called  “farm to fork ''.  then goes on to talk about the plants of the land around the four corners. He talks about how the yucca plant is the most important and there are two types of yucca there is one called a narrow leaf yucca and there there the banana leaf yucca. He talks about how important the yucca plant is, the most important use of yucca is to make shampoo but smashing the root and soaking it in water. You can also make baskets out of the yucca leaves, and also make a string. The stems are very nutritious; they're fully healthy carbs and the root is high in vitamins. The fruits of the yucca you can roast and make a pulp out of it. The blossoms you can pick them and eat them raw. He talks about many other plants that grow around the southwest like the Tansy Mustard, Wild Celery, Globe Mallow, and the Prince's plume. He talks about how important they are to Natives in the SouthWest. Lastly he says it's important to learn and build relationships with plants because there are many uses for the plants that grow all around us. 

• Friday, March 3rd Lucas Tenorio visited SFIS again to tell my Environment Science class of 15 students about planting and what it takes to be a farmer. 

• He also gave out little bags with corn seeds so that the kids can experiment with planting corn and what it looks like from when it sprouts to when it gets tall and green.

The article I read was about a community in Mexico called Chiapas. Chiapas is the second most biodiverse state in Mexico and provides 30% of the country's fresh water but it has also lost 55% of its forest to farm land and livestock pasture. In this community they faced a problem in their soil where they found high levels of acidity and aluminum, were lacking nutrients, and were highly compacted from tractors. This meant that roots couldn’t grow deep, creating drainage problems which are all signs of bad land management. In the article it talks about how scientist and agricultural workers worked together and Based on research in Guatemala and Honduras, the team began to experiment with intercropping the corn with species that can help the soils recover, focusing on two key species that were the trailing legume Canavalia and the ice cream-bean, Inga edulis, locally known as guama. This practice is part of agroforestry, an agricultural system combining trees with growing crops and raising livestock which not only produces food, but supports biodiversity, builds organic content in soils, boosts water table levels and sequesters carbon from the atmosphere. Throughout the article it talks about how scientist began different planting methods which will help the people out and one of the solution they came up with was to require farmers and ranchers to be allies rather than threats, with these two groups working together with conservationists they can find models that are economically attractive to producers, also that the food and water security issues can be addressed while agricultural expansion into forests can be stopped and lost forests can be restored.  The Nature Conservancy (TNC) plans to massively scale up these impacts through Vision 2030, a road map for incorporating 6.2 million acres of land into sustainable agriculture and cattle-ranching schemes by 2030, as well as restoring and reforesting 3.5 million acres of land. In addition to corn, the project will also focus on beans and coffee, which are grown extensively in the state. To help fund this project they got money from The Mexican environment ministry’s climate change which provided $340,000 for the project, while the National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research (INIFAP)  is contributing $150,000 and TNC is sourcing funding from its international “Plant a Billion Trees” campaign.  In the end of the article it says more communities are already joining the Vision 2030 initiative. The community council decided to protect and reforest the entire 7,400-acre watershed, banning the burning of fields and implementing regenerative agriculture techniques. Yields subsequently went up from 0.7 to 2.2 short tons per acre in the first year. The community hopes to soon increase this to 3.6 short tons per acre.

I read it was about the Triqui people in mexico. in the article it talks about how the Triqui people plant and the ways of their food system. In the article a man named Josefino Martinez, goes out and shows his field to a leah penniman who is a farmer, educator, soil steward, and food justice activist and is from new york. She looks at his farm land which is on a mountain side and she says that it would be impossible to plow the land with tractors or animals. Josefino says he farmed just like his ancestors which are the Triqui people. In the article it talks about 4 different ways that they plant and use the land and also their food system. The first way was called “farm like a forest”  this meant that the closer crops they planted the less soil erosion would occur because the roots form a dense network that hold the soil in place.  In this next part the mentioned it was called “eat low on the food chain” in this part it talked about how in mexico has 200 to 550 edible insects and how the Triquis people made food from the edible insects one way was to make a salsa made from mashed ants and they also eat roasted grasshoppers  flavored with lime and chili also and maguey worms, served ground up and incorporated into a spicy salt. It says that eating insects takes some time getting used to but it is but it’s healthier and more environmentally sustainable than livestock, boasting a feed conversion ratio of more than 50 percent. The next part was called "Restore health to damage lands"  . In this part it talked about how soil erosion and depletion has damaged about one million acres of cropland, and corn productivity rates have plummeted to the lowest in Mexico. One way they helped with this problem was by building trenches, stone walls, and terraces to stop the erosion of the remaining soils and to slow water runoff so aquifers can recharge. They stabilized these barriers with tenacious local vegetation, such as the sweet-smelling vetiver grass, which withstands drought, flooding, and mudslides. The last part was called "cultivate reverence for the planet'' in this part it talked about the One essential element missing from the World Resource Institute’s “menu of solutions'' its known as convivencia, or “living together” with both our human and natural communities it was best summarized by Kiado Cruz a farmer he said “The ground beneath our feet is our Mother Nature, who has carried us and sustains us. As we work her, we do not profane her, rather we carry out our task as farmers in the context of the sacred. It is corn through which Mother Nature nourishes us. It is flesh of our flesh, because we are people of corn. So we have to collect it in a manner that shows the respect we owe both our soil and our brother corn.”

In the video i watched it was a presentation from a girl in Jemez pueblo her name was Towana Yepa. in the beginning of the video she introduces herself she's has a Bachelor of Science in Community Health Education from the University of New Mexico, she is also a business woman who owns and operates her own farm called Corn Pollen Trail Farms in Ponderosa, New Mexico. She talks about how she is realizing that people are not as connected to farming as they used to be and there are still farmers in Jemez but not as much as there used to be, the farmers in Jemez are mainly men. She was really inspired by other young farmers who were starting to realize the importance and they are really starting to get out there and live the life of farming. She also talks about how she wanted to start growing food for herself, she says it was because of industrial farming and the use of pesticides and GMOs and the health effects it had on people. . So she decided that she wanted to do organic farming also because organic food was expensive.She talks about her family and the importance of plating and why her family plant.  In the last part of her video she does a slideshow explaining what she does and she talks about Jemez farming. She then talks about how her job in Jemez where she is currently working at which is the department of education and they work on the language curriculum,  and they create different material for teachers to use and since there language is oral it the way they teach is by visual either drawn or they use video and sound recording so that way the kids can take it home and share it with their parents and also learn at home.She talks about how the kids are growing their own crops in a greenhouse that was built and they were able to sell some of things they growed to the head start and they sold to a agricultural food network which then partner up with the APS to get them fresh foods. Then she talks about how she wants to enter the global exchange where she can get plants from places around the world.