Within Jeannette Armstrong’s article, she conveys to her readers her traditional background and describes what other tribes live within her own. What people's roles are; and how important they are to the entire community. Jeannette Armstrong is from the Okanagan community, they’re members of the traditional council of the Penticton Indian Band in British Columbia. She describes where she comes from, referring to her homeland to be very dry and just like California. She then introduces her mother's clan and her father's clan and how both serve different purposes. In the next section, she talks about how the Okanagan community identifies themselves, as she calls them the Four Capacities of Self: the physical self, the emotional self, the thinking intellectual self, and the spiritual self. Throughout Jeannette Armstrong’s passage, she connects the land and its people to her community, and how important they are in her life. 

Armstrong, Jeanette. 1966 “Sharing Ones Skin:  The Okanagan Communtiy.” Pp. 460-470 

in Jerry Mander and Edward Goldsmith (eds). The Case Against the Global Economy, San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books. 

Mr. Toastie is an award-winning journalist and a staff writer for the High-Country News. This passage is about a mountain so steep that it causes two boys to get trapped with no escape. The mountain was soon called “El Capitan” after a conquest conferred by Mariposa Battalion, an Indian killing militia, in the mid-1800s. Throughout this passage, different people are talking and connecting their story with the Measuring Worm Stone Story. I don’t know what the story is about, but it seems like it's about these two boys who were trapped. Years later they'll change the story by using bears instead of the boys. As bears are better for the story's sake.  

B. Toastie Image credit: Tony Abeyta May 1, 2022 From the print edition. “How Place 

Names Impact the Way We See Landscape.” High Country News – Know the West, HIgh Country News , 1 May 2022, https://www.hcn.org/issues/54.5/people-places-how-place-names-impact-the-way-we-see-landscape. Oct 17, 2022.

Electromagnetism was discovered in the 1820s which paved the road for many inventors beginning the very early experimental electric cars. This is all fueled by man's urge to move faster than a galloping horse. But, before any electric motors were created people in ancient Egypt were utilizing the power of the wind. Using papyrus-made keel-less ships, papyrus is a plant that can be used to make paper. In this case, it’s used for a small boat, the boat is narrow and is best for navigating through swift river currents. Soon an Italian engineer named Guido da Vigevano would propose his idea for a windmill-powered battle car that King Philp VI of France would use in a crusade that was never to happen. During the Industrial Revolution, the steam engine was introduced and eventually, Thomas Newcomen and James Watt would use the idea of the steam engine to build a little toy car that would probably be the very first steam-powered vehicle. 

Over the years steam engines were used for war and transportation that is till a Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian Ørsted were the first to discover electromagnetism. This gave birth to new ideas for transportation or the very first electric motor. The birth of the energy cells soon followed being built by Welsh Lawyer and chemist William R. Grove in 1830. During the late 1800s, the first very first car commercial was made, describing how electric cars were like carriages whose horses were replaced with electric motors. Years would pass and the Internal Combustion Engine was introduced being the next big thing and would take up 22% of the car market, as 40% were steam engines, and 38% were electric cars. Since the introduction of the newer engine, electrical motors would rapidly decline until the 21st century. 

"Brief History of the Internal Combustion Engine." 18 Apr, 2019. web. https://www.tuev-nord.de/explore/en/remembers/a-brief-history-of-the-internal-combustion-engine/. 19 Oct, 2022. 

The birth of the internal combustion engine had to be one of the greatest inventions ever since the lightbulb. But what I found to be the most interesting was how driver's licenses became compulsory on March 10, 1899, by French President Emile Francois Loubet. He announced the world’s first highway code and with it the introduction of a mandatory driving license. The first ever person to be granted a driving license was nonother than Karl Benz, by the district office of the Grand Duchy of Baden. Mr. Benz was a German engine designer and automotive engineer. He is also the creator of the Benz Patent Motorcar. But it’ll take a few more years for the possession of a driving license to be made mandatory in German. Meanwhile in Prussia on September 29, 1903, the very first inspection of motor vehicles and their drivers was enacted by a ministerial decree. This article also talks about how most of the common driving laws were created like no drinking while under the influence of alcohol. It was made into law due to nationwide vehicle inspections. Sadly in 1970 marked over 19,000 people died on the road due to the increasing numbers of drivers, and over half a million were injured. 

Guarnieri, Massimo. "Looking Back to Electric Cars." 7 Sept, 2012. web. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6487583. 19 Oct, 2022. 

On Friday, April 1, 2022, President Biden’s administration introduced the final emission rules stating all cars and trucks will now have an average of 49 miles per gallon. Essentially, increasing it from the current standard of being 39 mpg, but this will occur in the coming years. Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg said it was a way for drivers to save money and make America less dependent on foreign oil. Some global marketers want to ratio fuel/oil as they had done during World War II. Some solutions people have created were energy conservation and the creation of electrical engines, like wind turbines, solar energy, and also using water as a source of energy. And many automotive companies are committed to global investment in EV transportation. 

Isidore, Chris.”US Fuel Economy Rules Will Soon Require 49 mpg Average”. CNN 

Business. April 1, 2022. Web.  https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/01/energy/fuel-economy-rules/index.html. December 2, 2022. 

The gas engine market is predicted to increase its size by early 2032. Some ideas companies gave were:

• Increasing demand for clean, efficient power production. 

• Technological advancements in engines

• The growing aspects of industries 

• Demand for an electrical generator

• The rising demand for renewable energy

Natural gases are proven to be eco-friendly and more efficient than fossil fuels. Is natural gas the way forward? All gas engines are internal combustion and if haven’t already know what makes internal combustion go is the usage of small controlled explosions and help from spark plugs. You see when the piston in the engine block goes down the gas enters the chamber and once the piston accelerates back up the gas condolences. Then triggers the spark plug to ignite the gas causing the piston to move back down and the smoke is then emitted out through the muffler. “The global demand for gas engines is projected to grow at a steady CAGR of 4.1% during the forecast period from 2022 to 2032, surpassing a valuation of US $7.47 Bn by the end of 2032,” states future market insights. The rest of the article proves why natural gas is so much more efficient that most fossil fuels and even electrical sources.

“Gas Engine Market”. Future Market Insights, Inc. 2022. Web. 

https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/gas-engines-market. December 2, 2022. 

It’s said there are six ways to boost the ecological benefits of driving an electric vehicle, but I plan to share four out of the six that I found to be very interesting and also concerning for the future of automotive manufacturing. In Norway, the Ev sales rate far exceeded the buy rate of gasoline-powered cars in March 2019. In the past, the overall community in Norway was suspicious of purchasing their first electric vehicle since they were new and said they did not need any labor to be worked on nor were they like the type of automobile they had gotten accustomed to. In China, while the consumer demand for electric cars has always been high, it is stated that China may have to reduce the number of units dealerships are allowed to sell. This affects the cost of lithium used to create batteries to come down and it’s expected to continue its decline. It has also been predicted that by 2030, electric vehicle price tags will be much cheaper than their counterparts the old-fashioned internal combustion engines. But, on a side note, if they become cheaper, how would that affect the environment and how would the old parts be used in newer models? While on the topic of the environment did you know the amount of carbon used to create said electric cars are much higher than those of combustion engines. Even though Ev tends to have a much longer life span and have an output of much lower emissions. Manufacturers are planning a way to implement a net carbon zero technique to further production rate and have consumers demand more. And believe it or not one of Audi’s factories in Brussels has planned a way to do just that.

Elizabeth, Erin.” In Norway Electric Vehicles Outsold Gasoline Cars For First Time In History and Other EV Success Stories”. Health Nut News. 2023. Web. In Norway electric vehicles outsold gasoline cars for first time in history and other EV success stories (healthnutnews.com). 13 Feb 2023. 

General Motors has announced the foreclosure of several car manufacturing facilities to reconstruct its global business. With these plants soon to shut down the workforce declined within a short amount of time leaving 15% of the workers' salaries to be reduced. What’s the reason for GM to take such measures to ensure a bright future for their business, well it’s all tied in with the mass production rate of self-driving cars. Once the announcement had passed GM came up with a brand-new motto signaling their shift to self-driving, electric vehicles and that being “Zero Crashes, Zero Emissions, Zero Congestion.” 

A state from GM was recorded saying it would slim down production time and allow them to share their technology across all its vehicles. Along with reducing the number of workers, it’ll take to build the cars. Shutting down multiple plants and slashing the workforce in half wouldn’t leave the families to be worried about economic challenges in the near future. It cost nearly 14,000 workers to lose their jobs or be reassigned to other plants. Leaving the GM’s union workers to be angry and planning to fight for the decision to lose their job due to the sudden transition.

Elizabeth, Erin.” CNN: Auto giant announces closing iconic plants to slash workforce in bid for electric self-driving future.” Health Nut News. 2023. Web. CNN: Auto giant announces closing iconic plants to slash workforce in bid for electric self driving future (healthnutnews.com). 13 Feb 2023. 

“Mutanda Mine.” Congo. 22 Jun 2021. #Glencore to Reopen One of World’s Biggest #Cobalt Mines in #Congo | A Blog for Browsing Mining, Mineral Processing, and Metals Info (nanthavictor.com). 27 Feb 2023 

The Biden administration wants to see more electric vehicles in American driveways, and it is estimated that by 2030 half of the transportation methods for people will be taken over by electric-powered vehicles. Transportation takes up one-third of America’s carbon emissions. Questions are still being asked about how beneficial are Ev’s when it comes to the environment, how can infrastructure handle them, and even about the batteries that power them. Alan Ohnsman, the senior transportation editor for Forbes, answers each of the questions about how Ev’s are good for the planet. Governments are trying to reduce the number of tailpipe emissions produced. Since Ev’s themselves aren’t burning fossil fuels their charging ports are. The electricity is made by burning coal but that is depending on the state you live in. Whether that state still relies on carbon-intensive forms of electricity it’s getting better by using natural forms of energy like wind, water, and solar. But, the challenge that remains is how to continue storing more of that electricity. With batteries using minerals and raw materials like lithium, cobalt, and nickel. Coming from places like Argentina, South America, Australia, the Congo, and Russia it's expensive to transport. Lithium has great environmental impacts on how it is mined. Cobalt is mined in the Congo and uses child labor, but nearly 10% of all the cobalt on the Earth comes from these small mines.

“The current hurdles to putting more electric vehicles on the road.” PBS NewsHour. PBS. 12 Feb 2023. Web. The current hurdles to putting more electric vehicles on the road - YouTube. 25 Feb 2023. 

Calabaza, Gerard." The Track." Kewa train station. 5 Nov, 2022. personal photo. 

This is the finished product complete with a spoiler to help provide more downforce and achieve greater speeds. My nephew said, "The blue paint means water, the green means Mother Earth, and the yellow means the Sun and the black racing stripe is to look cool coming down the hill." he also came up with the name of Star for his kart and the number 8 to represent his lucky number. 

Calabaza, Gerard. “IT’S HERE!” Santa Fe Indian School. 19 Mar 2023. Personal photo.