4-27-25 DailyBriefs podcast
A 'TRUMP DEAL'? JUGGLING WAR, 'EASY WAR' AND NEGOTIATION1 Author: ALASTAIR CROOKE1

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Trump's primary concern is structurally re-balancing the economy, not foreign policy.1 ... This forms his "primordial goal," aimed at reviving America's industrial base to provide well-paid jobs for his MAGA supporters2 .

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He faces significant domestic opposition, particularly from the "Deep State."1 This group, infused with an ideology centered on preserving U.S. global power, is seen as a resolute domestic enemy front ringed around him1 .

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The "Yellen debt bomb" is highlighted as a major existential threat to Trump's agenda.2 ... This debt crisis, set to "explode shortly before the 2026 midterms," threatens his support in Congress3 .

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Re-balancing the economy necessitates potentially unpopular measures.4 These include "deliberately devaluing ‘the dollar in your pocket’" and the possibility that "many more Americans are going to lose their jobs"4 .

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Trump's coalition is internally divided and fractured over foreign policy issues.5 ... A significant element of his coalition includes neocons and Israeli Firsters, leading to a suggested "Faustian bargain" tied to foreign policy goals6 .

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Some within Trump's team hold flawed assumptions about the nature of modern warfare.7 ... They assume war generally happens "Over There," is a limited application of force, and that its scope and duration can be decided in Washington7 ....

AMERICANS ABANDON RUSSIA-UKRAINE PEACE TALKS IN LONDON9 Author: NO AUTHOR10 ...

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An American-brokered peace deal between Ukraine and Russia appears increasingly unlikely.9 U.S. officials, including Secretary of State Marco Rubio and special envoy Steve Witkoff, "bailed on a major meeting Wednesday in London set up to bring about peace"9 .

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Ukraine has rejected a U.S. proposal that involved recognizing Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea.9 ... Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky stated, "Ukraine will not legally recognize the occupation of Crimea," adding, "There’s nothing to talk about here"9 ....

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The White House is growing frustrated with the slow progress in ending the conflict.12 ... Efforts to end the war "on Day 1," as President Trump vowed, have entered the third month with "little promise on the horizon"12 . Witkoff's visits to Russia have only resulted in partial or temporary ceasefires13 .

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The U.S. is signalling readiness to withdraw from the peace process if progress isn't made.14 ... Vice President J.D. Vance stated it is "time for them to either say yes or for the United States to walk away from this process"14 . Trump and Rubio indicated they would "take a pass" or "move on to other topics" if talks stall15 .

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A key Russian demand for a peace deal includes the recognition of its "new borders."16 This involves territory in eastern Ukraine occupied by Russia, and the source suggests Putin is unlikely to relinquish it given the cost incurred by his army16 .

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U.S. officials have agreed that Ukraine should not be admitted to NATO, aligning with a Russian demand.17 Russia views NATO's eastward expansion as a "hostile alliance" and a significant trigger for its aggression, a view warned about decades ago by U.S. diplomat George Kennan17 ....

ECONOMIC PROSPERITY – NEUTRALITY AND PEACE19 Author: NO AUTHOR10 ...

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Peace is highlighted as a fundamental driver for economic prosperity.19 ... Conflicts and wars are detrimental, interrupting supply chains and causing physical and economic destruction to countries19 .

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The COVID-19 pandemic is characterized as a "bio-war" with immense economic consequences.21 ... Measures applied during the pandemic "wiped out entire economies," leading to vast increases in bankruptcies, unemployment, and poverty, with economic losses potentially in the "tens if not hundreds of trillions of dollars"21 ....

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Diplomacy, particularly in the West, has significantly eroded over the past 30 years.23 ... The capacity for diplomats to engage with conflicting parties, mediate, and use professional skills before or during conflicts is described as "practically non-existent"23 ....

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European Union leadership is described as taking a "belligerent footing" concerning the Ukraine war.24 ... Instead of seeking peace talks, EU leaders are reportedly planning massive war budgets to confront Russia, diverting resources from productive investments24 ....

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U.S. actions, like supplying billions in weaponry to Israel and Ukraine, are seen as undermining peace efforts.26 ... This provision of arms is described as a "clear encouragement to break ceasefires," citing instances where Kiev has allegedly done so27 .

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Switzerland's traditional role as a neutral mediator has been compromised.28 By adopting U.S. and EU sanctions against Russia, Switzerland is no longer viewed as a credible neutral party by Russia, leading mediation efforts to be held elsewhere28 ....

EVIL DOCTRINE SMASHED BY EO30 Author: TOM WOODS30

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An executive order titled "Restoring Equality of Opportunity and Meritocracy" takes aim at the "disparate impact" policy.30 This policy is characterized as "inane and destructive," creating a presumption of unlawful discrimination based on differences in outcomes among groups, even without discriminatory intent30 ....

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Disparate impact liability effectively compels employers to engage in race-based hiring.31 ... To avoid potentially crippling legal liability, businesses feel pressured to consider race and engage in racial balancing31 .

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The policy prevents employers from making hiring decisions based purely on merit and skill.33 ... It "has hindered businesses from making hiring and other employment decisions based on merit and skill," making it difficult or impossible to use bona fide job-oriented evaluations33 ....

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The executive order directs federal agencies to reduce enforcement of statutes with disparate-impact liability.34 This includes instructing the Attorney General to repeal or amend relevant Title VI regulations35 .

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The order requires the assessment and potential action on pending investigations and lawsuits relying on disparate-impact theory.35 This signifies a broad review of current legal challenges and enforcement actions based on this principle35 .

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The author expresses strong approval of this action, stating it "should have been done a long time ago."35 This indicates the author views the previous policy as fundamentally flawed and the executive order as a necessary corrective measure35 .

GOLD SHINES AS THE DOLLAR FALTERS36 Author: NO AUTHOR10 ...

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The U.S. economy is facing mounting pressures, particularly from debt and trade deficits.36 The source highlights the "mounting pressures facing the U.S. economy, especially as America’s debt situation grows more dire"36 .

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A significant shift is occurring globally away from holding U.S. financial assets.37 ... Trading partners are beginning to stop recycling their trade surpluses back into American government debt, which challenges the U.S. dollar's status as the primary reserve currency37 ....

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The author questions the official narrative on U.S. debt sustainability.37 ... While Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell calls the path unsustainable, the author argues, "if the path is unsustainable, then the debt is unsustainable"37 ....

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Political efforts to reduce trade deficits, like Trump's, may only achieve superficial results.40 ... The author suggests that announced deals might be "insignificant, just cosmetic victories," failing to fix the underlying structural issues41 .

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Closing the trade deficit will likely lead to reduced U.S. consumption and economic weakening.38 ... Since the U.S. doesn't have increased production capacity, reducing imports will mean "lower consumption and a weaker U.S. economy" and more inflation staying within the country38 ....

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The recent rise in gold prices indicates its emergence as a genuine safe haven.42 Amidst global uncertainty and the move away from the dollar, "gold is the new safe haven"42 .

HOW A PRESIDENT BECOMES A DICTATOR: BY EXECUTIVE ORDER43 Author: NO AUTHOR10 ...

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The use of executive orders is seen as a method for the president to bypass the legislative process.44 ... President Trump is specifically cited as using executive orders to advance a "unitary executive theory" which is described as "government by fiat"44 ....

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This approach undermines the constitutional system of checks and balances.46 ... Executive directives are issued "without public debate, legislative compromise, or judicial review," eclipsing the role of Congress45 .

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Executive orders are creating a "parallel legal order" where the president acts as multiple branches of government.48 ... In this new order, "the president acts as lawmaker, enforcer, and judge," which the source argues "is how a dictatorship begins"48 ....

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The "Unitary Executive Theory" is described as having transformed into a "doctrine of presidential infallibility."49 ... This theoretical interpretation of presidential power is seen as having "metastasized into something far more dangerous," an ideological justification for unchecked power49 ....

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The current trend of eroding constitutional constraints follows the historical pattern of creeping dictatorships.51 ... This process involves undermining the legislature, centralizing enforcement, and subjugating the judiciary, happening "not through tanks in the streets, but through policy memos drafted in the West Wing"51 ....

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The source emphasizes the need for citizens to reclaim their role as a check on government power to preserve freedom.53 ... This means holding all branches accountable and "refusing to normalize rule by decree, no matter who sits in the Oval Office"54 .

SECRETARY HEGSETH THREATENS THE DEEP STATE55 Author: NO AUTHOR10 ...

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Secretary Pete Hegseth's confirmation as Defense Secretary faced strong opposition, attributed to the "Deep State."55 ... The "Deep State worked hard to scuttle Hegseth’s nomination," using negative news stories, but President Trump and Vice President Vance supported him55 ....

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Efforts to undermine Hegseth are ongoing, described as a continuation of a previous "Operation: Sink Hegseth."56 ... These attempts are seen as part of the "same Intelligence Community operation that targeted him last winter"57 ....

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The "Deep State" is portrayed as actively trying to prevent "outsiders" from gaining power.59 ... This is linked to their alleged involvement in activities such as rigging elections, toppling governments, and managing large war budgets, where they cannot "let the president of the United States and his secretary of Defense get in their way"60 .

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Corporate media outlets are accused of acting in coordination with the Intelligence Community against Hegseth.61 ... Described as a "journalistic brothel," the media allegedly pushes negative "narratives" and reports unsubstantiated rumors about his potential removal62 ....

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Individuals outside the "Deep State team" are subjected to the "Orange Man Bad" treatment by the press.61 Because Hegseth is not considered part of this team, he receives this negative media portrayal61 .

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During his confirmation, Hegseth was targeted with personal slanders by the media.58 "Celebrity “journalists”" attempted to "slander Pete Hegseth as a drunken womanizer and 'Me Too' villain" to influence his confirmation vote58 .

SUPPLEMENTAL MAGNESIUM (AND CHLORIDE) CAN NEGATIVELY AFFECT PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE64 Author: JOACHIM BARTOLL64

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A study indicates that supplementing with inorganic magnesium can negatively impact physical performance.64 ... Specifically, using magnesium chloride was shown to decrease VO2max and average power output during short, high-intensity exercise like a 30-second sprint65 .

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Magnesium chloride is an inorganic compound with poor absorption, leaving harmful residues.66 ... Only about 30-40% is converted to usable magnesium, leaving a significant amount of "elemental magnesium and the salt chloride" which can cause damage until discarded67 .

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Excess inorganic magnesium and chloride can interfere with mitochondrial function.68 ... These compounds can disrupt cellular homeostasis, reducing ATP output crucial for bursts of energy, and excess chloride can hinder oxygen transport by altering pH69 ....

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Animal-based foods are presented as the superior source of magnesium.71 ... Magnesium from animal-based foods is "100% bioavailable and bioactive," requiring no conversion and leaving no harmful residues71 .

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Supplements require conversion by the body, which can cause damage and toxic load.72 ... Any kind of supplement must be broken down, a process that "will leave both residues and non-converted compounds that will cause damage"72 .

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The negative effects observed in the study might not apply to individuals with magnesium deficiency, but supplements still carry risks.74 ... While a deficient person might not experience the same acute negative performance effects, "the damage from the conversion will still be there, and that will add to the toxic load"74 .

TESTIMONIAL #276 Author: RUSSELL SACKETT76

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The author became disillusioned with mainstream media after events like 9/11 and sought alternative sources for truth.76 He explored various alternative platforms and personalities but often found them lacking genuine substance or effectiveness76 .

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He grew suspicious of numerous public events, viewing them as potentially orchestrated.76 He mentions events like Sandy Hook, the Aurora shooting, and the Boston Marathon bombing as examples he felt were not truthfully reported76 .

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A search for information about Greta Thunberg led him to discover Miles W. Mathis's website.77 He found an article that provided "plainly told truth" and subsequently found Mathis's main page with numerous articles on various topics77 .

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Miles Mathis's website is characterized by its lack of sensationalism and focus on direct information.78 Unlike other alternative sites with ads or wild stories, Mathis's site is described as a "plain, pale yellow page" offering "no bullshit, just plain sense"78 .

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Engaging with Mathis's extensive work significantly expanded the author's understanding of the world.79 He read articles on many topics and eventually committed to reading every piece in Mathis's "canon," learning about things he didn't know he didn't know79 .

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The author has contributed to Mathis's site and found community with other readers through online forums.80 ... Despite finding the writing process difficult, he submitted articles and participates in community forums to discuss and share information with like-minded individuals80 ....

THE “TRANSGENDER” IDEOLOGY IS MISOGYNISTIC82 Author: RHODA WILSON82

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The UK Supreme Court ruled that the legal definition of "woman" under the Equality Act means biological sex.82 ... This unanimous decision explicitly excludes "transgender women" from being legally recognized as women under this specific definition82 ....

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Gender reassignment is identified as a distinct protected characteristic under the Equality Act.83 The Act refers to this as relating to a "transsexual person," separate from the protected characteristic of sex83 .

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The ruling confirms that provisions for single-sex services must be based on biological sex.84 ... The judgment states that interpreting these provisions by reference to biological sex is necessary, as it is "likely to be difficult (if not impossible)" to have lawful separate services if each group includes individuals of both biological sexes85 .

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The "transgender" ideology is explicitly labelled as misogynistic.86 ... This is argued because it advocates for men identifying as women to access women's single-sex spaces and services, which is seen as an attempt to "usurp women’s rights and invade women’s spaces"85 ....

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Men who identify as "trans women" constitute a very small fraction of the population.89 ... Census data, despite acknowledged inaccuracies, suggests around 48,000 "trans women" in England and Wales, a "tiny proportion" compared to the approximately 30.4 million biological women and girls89 ....

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This small group is accused of seeking to redefine womanhood and impose their ideology on society.87 ... They are seen as having "not lived one day as a woman" yet feeling they should define what a woman is and displaying "contempt for and prejudice against women and girls"87 .

WHAT HAPPENS TO US IF PRESIDENT TRUMP LOSES THE EXISTENTIAL WAR WITH THE EVIL AMERICAN ESTABLISHMENT?91 Author: PAUL CRAIG ROBERTS91

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The author expresses concern for potential oppression of "traditional white ethnic Americans" if Trump is defeated.91 This is framed as an "existential conflict" between Trump's supporters ("Mega Americans") and a perceived "corrupt anti-American Establishment"91 .

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White heterosexual gentile males are claimed to have been treated as "second class citizens" for decades.92 This is attributed to policies like "disparate impact" and DEI initiatives imposing racial and gender quotas since the 1964 Civil Rights Act92 .

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Institutions like the judiciary, corporations, and universities are accused of enforcing these quotas.93 Despite legal challenges, the source states that "the American judiciary, the American corporations, the American universities accepted and enforced the illegal and unconstitutional racial and gender quoters"93 .

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The legal system and journalism are described as corrupted and used as weapons by the establishment.94 ... Law schools are said to train individuals to use law "as a weapon against those in the way of revolutionizing American society," and journalism is claimed to support "the agendas of the American Establishment" instead of reporting facts94 ....

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Democrat Representative Jamin Ben Raskin is cited as threatening repercussions for those who supported Trump.97 ... Raskin is quoted as stating that "when we come back to power we are not going to look kindly" upon those who did business with the Trump administration97 ....

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Democrats are characterized as an ideological party seeking to transform America into a "Sodom & Gomorrah Tower of Babel."99 The author believes Trump and his supporters underestimate the strength of this "powerful destructive ideological force"99 .

WHAT IS REALLY GOING TO CHANGE THE WORLD – CHINA’S NUCLEAR ENERGY BREAKTHROUGH100 Author: HUA BIN100

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China has achieved a significant breakthrough in thorium molten salt reactor technology.100 ... Chinese scientists successfully added fresh fuel to an operational reactor, marking a step towards commercially viable thorium nuclear power100 ....

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Thorium is presented as a superior alternative to uranium for nuclear energy.101 It is more abundant, cheaper to extract, has higher energy density, produces less radioactive waste, and "is not fissile on its own so cannot be weaponized"101 .

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China is positioned as the global leader in the development of molten salt reactors.102 ... It is the first nation to build an experimental reactor and has achieved "the first long-term, stable operation of the technology"103 .

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The experimental reactor in the Gobi Desert utilizes molten salt and thorium fuel.103 ... It is designed to "sustainably generate 2 megawatts of thermal power"104 .

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China is also advancing rapidly in nuclear fusion research.105 ... This includes breakthroughs with tokamaks like the EAST and HL-2M, demonstrating significant progress towards clean, almost limitless energy106 ....

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The source contrasts China's long-term strategic focus with U.S. efforts, which are described as remaining "on paper."105 ... China emphasizes "strategic stamina, focusing on doing just one thing for 20, 30 years" in the nuclear field105 .

☕️ SMURF-BLUE ☙ FRIDAY, APRIL 25, 2025 ☙ C&C NEWS 🦠109 Author: NO AUTHOR10 ...

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A substantial number of Americans are still regularly wearing masks, seen as a consequence of government fear campaigns.110 ... Around 4% of the population, approximately 14 million people, continue to mask up, described as victims "of the government’s deceptive response to the virus"111 ....

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Government masking policies during the pandemic are characterized as based on psychological manipulation rather than science.110 ... The source states the aim was to "nudge" behavior and required officials to "lied like dogs" about the virus's danger and the masks' effectiveness113 .

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Individuals who continue masking ("evermaskers") display behaviors consistent with obsessive-compulsive disorders.112 ... They are described as living in a "shadow world" of online forums, gripped by an "unshakable fear" and "constant social anxiety," which is seen as "ruining their lives, their relationships, and what remains of their mental health"112 ....

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There is a noted political correlation with persistent mask-wearing.117 The article observes that in the U.S., the "sense of risk from COVID... also has a strong connection to their politics— many COVID-conscious people are progressives"117 .

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President Trump has directed the Department of Justice to investigate ActBlue, a major Democratic fundraising platform.118 ... This action, initiated via a Presidential Memorandum, is described as "taking aim at one of the key pillars of the financial infrastructure for Democratic candidates"119 .

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The DOJ investigation into ActBlue is focused on issues like straw donors ("smurfs") and foreign donations.120 ... A previous House investigation and ongoing state-level probes have identified "at least 22 significant fraud campaigns," nearly half with a foreign nexus, and "suspicious donations made through obscured identities and untraceable means"120 .

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EXTENED BRIEF

China's Nuclear Energy Breakthroughs: Thorium and Fusion

1 source

The source discusses China's advancements in nuclear energy technology, highlighting a significant breakthrough in thorium molten salt reactors. It details the successful refueling of the world's first operational experimental thorium reactor in the Gobi Desert, emphasizing thorium's advantages as a safer and more abundant alternative fuel source compared to uranium, with less long-lasting waste. Additionally, the text covers China's progress in nuclear fusion research, noting records set by their tokamak devices and the development of advanced superconducting magnet technology, positioning China at the forefront of both next-generation nuclear fission and fusion energy development.

Briefing Document: China's Nuclear Energy Breakthroughs

Source: Excerpts from "What is really going to change the world – China’s nuclear energy breakthrough," by Hua Bin - The Unz Review.pdf (April 18th, 2025)

Prepared For: [Intended Audience]

Date: October 26, 2023

Subject: Review of China's recent advancements in nuclear energy technology, specifically focusing on Thorium Molten Salt Reactors and Nuclear Fusion.

Executive Summary:

This document summarizes a recent article highlighting China's significant progress in developing next-generation nuclear energy technologies, particularly in Thorium Molten Salt Reactors (TMSRs) and Nuclear Fusion. The article emphasizes China's achievement of a world-first in successfully fueling an operational TMSR, signaling readiness for commercial deployment and placing China at the forefront of this technology. Furthermore, it details China's leading efforts in nuclear fusion research, citing recent records set by the EAST tokamak and the development of advanced tokamaks like HL-2M and HH70. The author posits these technological breakthroughs, rather than geopolitical events, are the truly momentous changes shaping the future.

Key Themes and Important Ideas:

China's Breakthrough in Thorium Molten Salt Reactors (TMSRs): The central theme of the article is China's significant milestone in TMSR technology. The successful addition of fresh fuel to an operational experimental reactor in early April is presented as a pivotal moment, indicating the technology's readiness for sustained commercial deployment.

Quote: "In early April, Chinese scientists achieved a milestone in clean energy technology by successfully adding fresh fuel to an operational thorium molten salt reactor, the first of its kind in the world."
Quote: "The latest breakthrough to add fresh fuel to an operational reactor indicates such technology is ready for sustained commercial deployment."
This achievement is seen as putting China "at the forefront of a global race to harness thorium for nuclear power."

Advantages of Thorium over Uranium for Nuclear Power: The article strongly advocates for thorium as a superior alternative to uranium due to several key benefits.

Quote: "Thorium is much safer and more abundant alternative to uranium for nuclear power as it is widely available, cheaper to extract, has higher energy density, and produces far less long-lasting nuclear waste."
Quote: "It is far safer than uranium as it is not fissile on its own so cannot be weaponized."
Thorium is described by experts as "the holy grail for future energy revolution next to nuclear fusion."

Thorium Abundance in China: The article highlights China's substantial domestic thorium reserves.

Quote: "One single mine in China’s Inner Mongolia, the Bayan Obo mine, has enough thorium deposits to theoretically meet China’s energy needs for the next 20,000 years, while producing minimal radioactive waste."

Development Timeline and Dedication to the TMSR Project: The article provides a brief history of China's TMSR program, emphasizing the long-term commitment and dedication of the scientists involved.

Theoretical research began in the 1970s, with a concentrated effort starting in 2009.
Construction of the experimental reactor started in 2018.
Achieved criticality in October 2023 and full-power operation by June 2024.
Fuel reloading while operational was completed earlier this year.
The chief scientist, Xu Hongjie, is quoted as saying, "We learned by doing, and did by learning" and "We chose the hardest path, but the right one."
The project involved significant sacrifices from researchers, with some staying on site for over 300 days a year in the Gobi Desert.
Quote: "in the nuclear game, there are no quick wins. You need to have strategic stamina, focusing on doing just one thing for 20, 30 years."

Future Applications of Thorium Technology in China: China is already planning for the expansion and application of TMSR technology.

A larger 10 MW research reactor is under construction and expected to achieve criticality by 2030, capable of powering 10,000 homes.
Designs for thorium-powered container ships for emission-free maritime transport have been unveiled.

Comparison with US Efforts: The article contrasts China's practical achievements with the US's current status in molten salt reactor development.

Quote: "Meanwhile, US efforts to develop a molten salt reactor remain on paper, despite bipartisan congressional support and Department of Energy initiatives."

China's Leading Edge in Nuclear Fusion Development: In addition to TMSRs, the article asserts China's prominence in nuclear fusion research. Fusion is presented as a potentially "carbon-free, almost limitless, and clean energy" source.

Quote: "In addition to thorium reactors, China is on the leading edge of developing nuclear fusion technology (as opposed to current fission technology) that could lead to carbon-free, almost limitless, and clean energy."
China has achieved several key milestones in fusion research.

Significant Fusion Milestones in China: Specific examples of China's fusion advancements are provided.

EAST Tokamak ("artificial sun"): Set a new world record in January 2025 by maintaining a high-confinement plasma for 1,066 seconds, a critical step for sustained fusion.
HL-2M Tokamak: China's largest and most advanced tokamak, capable of achieving extremely high plasma temperatures and currents necessary for efficient fusion.
HH70 Tokamak: Developed by a private company (Energy Singularity), this tokamak utilizes high-temperature superconducting magnets (REBCO) to significantly reduce size and cost, aiming for more accessible commercial fusion energy. Energy Singularity plans a next-gen tokamak by 2027 and a fusion demonstrator by 2030.

Technology as the Driver of Human Development: The author emphasizes the importance of technological progress over geopolitical events.

Quote: "All the noises around tariffs and trade wars aside, technology is ultimately the path to human development and prosperity. Let’s keep our eyes on the ball."

Most Important Facts:

China successfully added fresh fuel to an operational thorium molten salt reactor (TMSR) in early April, a world first.
This breakthrough signals the commercial viability of TMSR technology in China's future energy mix.
Thorium is a safer, more abundant, and less waste-producing alternative to uranium for nuclear power.
China's Inner Mongolia has enough thorium deposits to theoretically power the country for 20,000 years.
China's experimental TMSR in the Gobi Desert reached criticality in October 2023 and full power in June 2024.
A larger 10 MW TMSR is under construction in China, slated for criticality by 2030.
China is developing thorium-powered container ships.
US efforts in molten salt reactors are currently "on paper."
China's EAST tokamak set a new world record by sustaining plasma for 1,066 seconds in January 2025.
China's HL-2M tokamak has achieved very high plasma parameters.
China's HH70 tokamak is utilizing advanced superconducting magnets to reduce size and cost, with commercial fusion demonstrators planned.

Conclusion:

The article presents a compelling case for China's leadership in cutting-edge nuclear energy technologies. The successful operational fueling of a TMSR is a significant practical step towards harnessing the benefits of thorium. Coupled with aggressive advancements in nuclear fusion, China appears to be positioning itself at the forefront of the future energy landscape. The author's emphasis on technology as the true driver of progress underscores the potential global impact of these developments.

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Review of China's Nuclear Energy Breakthroughs

Study Guide

This study guide will help you review the key concepts and information presented in the article "What is really going to change the world – China’s nuclear energy breakthrough."

Key Concepts to Understand:

Thorium Molten Salt Reactors (TMSR): Understand what a TMSR is, how it works (generally), and why it is considered a promising alternative to traditional uranium reactors.

Advantages of Thorium: Be familiar with the benefits of using thorium as nuclear fuel compared to uranium, including safety, abundance, cost, energy density, and waste production.

China's Progress in TMSR: Understand the milestones achieved by China in developing and operating TMSR technology, including the experimental reactor in the Gobi Desert and the achievement of criticality and full-power operation.

The Significance of Fuel Reloading in an Operational Reactor: Recognize why successfully adding fresh fuel to a running TMSR is a significant breakthrough.

Future Applications of Thorium Power: Be aware of potential future uses of TMSR technology mentioned in the article, such as larger power reactors and maritime transport.

Comparison with Other Nations: Understand the article's perspective on the relative progress of China compared to other nations (specifically the US) in developing TMSR technology.

Nuclear Fusion: Understand the basic concept of nuclear fusion and how it differs from nuclear fission.

China's Progress in Nuclear Fusion: Be familiar with the key advancements and experimental devices China is developing in the field of nuclear fusion, including the EAST, HL-2M, and HH70 tokamaks.

Challenges and Long-Term Commitment: Appreciate the challenges involved in developing these advanced nuclear technologies and the importance of sustained effort and long-term commitment.

Quiz

Answer the following questions in 2-3 sentences each based on the provided source material.

What is the primary advantage of using thorium as a nuclear fuel compared to uranium, according to the article?

Where is China's experimental thorium molten salt reactor located, and what is its designed thermal power output?

What significant milestone did Chinese scientists achieve with their operational thorium molten salt reactor earlier this year?

According to the article, how does the abundance of thorium in a single mine in China's Inner Mongolia compare to China's long-term energy needs?

What is the primary difference between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission as described in the article?

What is a tokamak, and what is its purpose in nuclear fusion research?

What record did China's EAST tokamak set in January 2025?

What is notable about the HH70 tokamak developed by Energy Singularity?

According to Xu Hongjie, what is required for success in the "nuclear game"?

What future application of thorium power is being explored by China's state-owned shipbuilding industry?

Quiz Answer Key

Thorium is much safer than uranium because it is not fissile on its own and cannot be weaponized. It is also more abundant, cheaper to extract, and produces less long-lasting nuclear waste.

China's experimental thorium molten salt reactor is located in the Gobi Desert in China's west. It is designed to sustainably generate 2 megawatts of thermal power.

Chinese scientists successfully added fresh fuel to the operational thorium molten salt reactor while it was running. This is a significant breakthrough for sustained commercial deployment.

According to the article, a single mine in China's Inner Mongolia has enough thorium deposits to theoretically meet China's energy needs for the next 20,000 years.

Nuclear fusion is the process where lighter atomic nuclei combine to form heavier nuclei, releasing energy, like the sun. Nuclear fission is the splitting of heavy atomic nuclei, which is used in current nuclear power plants.

A tokamak is a donut-shaped device used in nuclear fusion research. Its purpose is to contain superheated plasma using powerful magnetic fields, mimicking the sun's conditions.

China's EAST tokamak set a new record in January 2025 by maintaining a high-confinement plasma for 1,066 seconds, a crucial step towards sustained fusion reactions.

The HH70 tokamak stands out for integrating high-temperature superconducting magnets made from REBCO. This technology dramatically reduces the size and cost of conventional tokamaks, potentially making fusion energy more accessible.

According to Xu Hongjie, success in the "nuclear game" requires strategic stamina and focusing on doing just one thing for 20, 30 years, highlighting the long-term nature of the research.

China's state-owned shipbuilding industry has unveiled a design for a thorium-powered container ship. This could potentially achieve emission-free maritime transport.

Essay Questions

Consider the following questions in an essay format. Do not provide answers.

Analyze the significance of China's successful fuel reloading in an operational thorium molten salt reactor. How does this breakthrough contribute to the potential commercial viability of TMSR technology, and what challenges might still need to be addressed for widespread deployment?

Compare and contrast the advantages of thorium-based nuclear power with traditional uranium-based nuclear power as presented in the article. Discuss the implications of these differences for future energy production, safety, and waste management.

Evaluate the article's assertion that China is at the "leading edge" in both thorium reactor technology and nuclear fusion research. What evidence is presented to support this claim, and what factors might contribute to China's reported advancements in these areas?

Discuss the potential impact of commercially viable thorium molten salt reactors and successful nuclear fusion technology on global energy landscapes and efforts to combat climate change. Consider both the opportunities and potential challenges associated with these technologies.

Explore the "strategic stamina" mentioned by Xu Hongjie as crucial for success in the nuclear field. How is this concept illustrated by China's approach to developing both thorium reactors and nuclear fusion, and what lessons might other nations draw from this perspective?

Glossary of Key Terms

Thorium: A naturally occurring radioactive metallic element, explored as an alternative nuclear fuel.

Molten Salt Reactor (MSR): A type of nuclear reactor that uses a molten salt mixture as the primary coolant and/or fuel carrier.

Thorium Molten Salt Reactor (TMSR): A specific type of MSR that utilizes thorium as the fuel source.

Fissile: Capable of undergoing nuclear fission upon bombardment with neutrons. Uranium-235 is fissile, while thorium-232 is not directly fissile but can be converted to a fissile isotope.

Criticality: The state in a nuclear reactor where a sustained nuclear chain reaction is achieved.

Full-power operation: The state in which a nuclear reactor is operating at its maximum designed power output.

Nuclear Fission: The process in which the nucleus of a heavy atom splits into lighter nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy.

Nuclear Fusion: The process in which two or more atomic nuclei combine to form a single, heavier nucleus, releasing a large amount of energy.

Tokamak: A toroidal (donut-shaped) device that uses magnetic fields to confine a plasma in nuclear fusion research.

Plasma: A state of matter similar to gas in which a certain portion of the particles are ionized, often called the fourth state of matter.

High-confinement plasma: A state in a tokamak where the plasma is effectively contained by the magnetic fields for an extended period.

REBCO (Rare Earth Barium Copper Oxide): A type of high-temperature superconducting material used in advanced magnets.

What is the significant recent nuclear energy breakthrough in China?
Chinese scientists successfully added fresh fuel to an operational thorium molten salt reactor (TMSR) in early April. This is the first time such a feat has been achieved globally with this type of reactor, signaling its readiness for sustained commercial deployment.
Why is thorium considered a promising alternative to uranium for nuclear power?
Thorium is more abundant than uranium, cheaper to extract, has a higher energy density, and produces significantly less long-lasting nuclear waste. Additionally, it is considered safer because it is not fissile on its own, making it unsuitable for weaponization.
What are the key advantages of using thorium in molten salt reactors?
Molten salt reactors, particularly those using thorium, offer enhanced safety and efficiency. Thorium's properties, combined with the molten salt design (which acts as both fuel carrier and coolant), are seen as a pathway to a safer and more sustainable nuclear energy future.
What is the current status of China's experimental thorium molten salt reactor?
Located in the Gobi Desert, this experimental reactor achieved criticality in October 2023 and reached full-power operation by June 2024. The recent successful refueling while operational makes it the only operational thorium reactor in the world.
Beyond the experimental reactor, what are China's future plans for thorium molten salt reactor technology?
A larger TMSR, designed to produce 10 megawatts of electricity, is already under construction and is expected to achieve criticality by 2030. Furthermore, China's state-owned shipbuilding industry has unveiled a design for a thorium-powered container ship, potentially enabling emission-free maritime transport.
What is China's standing in the field of nuclear fusion research?
China is a leading nation in global nuclear fusion development. They have achieved significant milestones with their tokamaks, including the EAST ("artificial sun") which set a new record for maintaining high-confinement plasma, and the HL-2M, their largest and most advanced tokamak.
What is unique about the HH70 Tokamak being developed by Energy Singularity?
The HH70 Tokamak is notable for its integration of high-temperature superconducting magnets made from REBCO (rare earth barium copper oxide). This cutting-edge technology significantly reduces the size and cost of conventional tokamaks, aiming to make fusion energy more accessible and commercially viable.
According to chief scientist Xu Hongjie, what is a crucial factor for success in the nuclear energy field?
Xu Hongjie emphasizes the need for "strategic stamina," highlighting that success in nuclear energy development requires a long-term commitment, focusing on development for two to three decades, rather than seeking quick wins.

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Summary

While international political events dominate headlines, a more significant development is occurring in China: a breakthrough in thorium molten salt reactor technology. Chinese scientists have successfully refueled an operational reactor of this type, demonstrating the technology is ready for sustained commercial deployment. Thorium is highlighted as a safer, more abundant, and less-wasteful alternative to uranium, with China possessing vast reserves, potentially powering the nation for millennia. This achievement positions China at the forefront of a global race to utilize thorium for energy, while the source also briefly touches upon China's leading role in the development of nuclear fusion technology.

Discuss Thorium Reactors.

Based on the sources provided, here is a discussion of thorium reactors:

A truly momentous event has recently occurred in China, marking a significant milestone in clean energy technology1 . In early April, Chinese scientists successfully added fresh fuel to an operational thorium molten salt reactor, which is described as the first of its kind in the world1 .... This breakthrough signals the potential arrival of commercially viable thorium nuclear reactors within China's future energy mix2 .

Thorium is presented as a much safer and more abundant alternative to uranium for nuclear power generation2 . It is widely available globally2 ... and is cheaper to extract than uranium2 . Thorium also boasts a higher energy density and produces far less long-lasting nuclear waste compared to uranium2 . A key safety advantage highlighted is that thorium is not fissile on its own, meaning it cannot be weaponized2 . Nuclear industry experts reportedly view thorium as a "holy grail" for the future energy revolution, alongside nuclear fusion2 . The sources note that a single mine in China's Inner Mongolia, the Bayan Obo mine, contains enough thorium deposits to theoretically fulfill China's energy requirements for the next 20,000 years, while generating only minimal radioactive waste3 .

The most promising technological direction for utilizing thorium is in molten salt reactors3 . While several nations are developing this technology, China is the first to have built an experimental thorium molten salt reactor3 .... The experimental reactor is situated in the Gobi Desert in western China4 . It employs molten salt as both the fuel carrier and coolant, with thorium as the fuel source4 . This reactor was designed to sustainably generate 2 megawatts of thermal power5 .

The recent achievement of adding fresh fuel to the operational reactor indicates that this technology is ready for sustained commercial deployment4 . It represents the first instance of long-term, stable operation for this specific technology, placing China at the forefront of the global effort to harness thorium for nuclear power4 . According to the project's chief scientist, Xu Hongjie, China "now leads the global frontier for thorium nuclear technology"5 . The process of thorium fuel reloading completed earlier this year while the reactor was running makes it the only operational thorium reactor in the world6 .

The Chinese thorium molten salt reactor project traces its origins back to theoretical research in the 1970s5 . In 2009, the Chinese Academy of Sciences tasked Xu Hongjie with transforming this concept into a real-world technology5 . The project team grew significantly, expanding from dozens to over 400 researchers within two years7 . The scientists faced immense challenges, including designing novel materials, troubleshooting issues at extreme temperatures, and creating engineering components that had never existed before7 . Construction of the experimental reactor commenced in 20187 , achieved criticality (a sustained nuclear chain reaction) by October 2023, and reached full-power operation by June 20246 . Xu was quoted as saying they chose "the hardest path, but the right one," emphasizing their drive for practical application over purely academic pursuits6 .

Looking ahead, a much larger thorium molten salt reactor is already under construction in China and is projected to reach criticality by 20308 . This future research reactor is intended to produce 10 megawatts of electricity, which is sufficient to power 10,000 homes for a year8 . Furthermore, China's state-owned shipbuilding industry has revealed a design for a thorium-powered container ship, which could potentially enable emission-free maritime transport8 . In contrast, efforts in the United States to develop a molten salt reactor reportedly remain "on paper," despite bipartisan congressional support and Department of Energy initiatives8 . Xu Hongjie noted that success in the nuclear field requires "strategic stamina," focusing on a single objective for 20 to 30 years9 .

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Discuss Molten Salt Reactors.

Based on the provided source, here is a discussion of Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs):

A Molten Salt Reactor uses molten salt as the fuel carrier and coolant, and can use thorium as the fuel source1 . China has recently achieved a significant milestone in clean energy technology by successfully adding fresh fuel to an operational thorium molten salt reactor2 . This is described as the first of its kind in the world3 . This breakthrough signals the potential arrival of commercially viable thorium nuclear reactors in China's future energy mix3 and marks the first long-term, stable operation of this technology1 .

Thorium is highlighted as a promising fuel for MSRs, seen by some experts as a "holy grail" for future energy revolution, second only to nuclear fusion3 .... Compared to uranium, thorium is considered much safer and more abundant3 . Its advantages include being widely available, cheaper to extract, having higher energy density, and producing far less long-lasting nuclear waste3 . Thorium is also considered safer because it is not fissile on its own, so it cannot be weaponized3 . China possesses abundant thorium, with a single mine in Inner Mongolia potentially holding enough to meet China's energy needs for 20,000 years while producing minimal radioactive waste4 .

While multiple nations are developing MSR technology, China is noted as the first to build an experimental thorium molten salt reactor1 .... This experimental reactor is located in the Gobi Desert in China's west1 . It is designed to sustainably generate 2 megawatts of thermal power5 .

The development was announced by the project's chief scientist, Xu Hongjie, on April 85 . According to Xu, China "now leads the global frontier for thorium nuclear technology"5 . The Chinese thorium molten salt reactor project began with theoretical research in the 1970s, with the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) leadership tasking Xu with making it a reality in 20095 . The project team grew significantly, involving over 400 researchers within two years6 . They faced immense challenges, including designing new materials, troubleshooting for extreme temperatures, and dealing with unprecedented engineering components6 . Construction of the experimental reactor started in 20186 .

The reactor achieved criticality (a sustained nuclear chain reaction) by October 2023 and reached full-power operation by June 20247 . Earlier this year (relative to April 18, 2025), the process of thorium fuel reloading was completed while the reactor was running, making it the only operational thorium reactor in the world7 . Xu is quoted as saying they "chose the hardest path, but the right one," referring to the drive for a real-world application7 .

Looking ahead, a much bigger thorium molten salt reactor is already being built in China and is slated to achieve criticality by 20308 . This larger reactor is designed to produce 10 megawatts of electricity, enough to power 10,000 homes for a year8 . Beyond terrestrial power generation, China's state-owned shipbuilding industry has unveiled a design for a thorium-powered container ship, potentially enabling emission-free maritime transport8 . In contrast to China's progress, US efforts to develop a molten salt reactor are described as remaining "on paper"8 . Xu Hongjie noted that in the "nuclear game, there are no quick wins," emphasizing the need for "strategic stamina, focusing on doing just one thing for 20, 30 years"9 .

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Discuss Nuclear Fusion.

Based on the sources provided, here is information about nuclear fusion:

Nuclear fusion is seen by nuclear industry experts as a "holy grail" for the future energy revolution1 , similar to thorium reactors1 . It is a technology that could potentially lead to carbon-free, almost limitless, and clean energy2 . Fusion is the process by which the sun powers itself2 . It generates 4 times the amount of energy as nuclear fission2 .

The core technology for achieving nuclear fusion, as described in the source, is the tokamak2 . This is a donut-shaped device designed to contain superheated plasma using powerful magnetic fields2 . Tokamaks work by mimicking the conditions found in the sun, where hydrogen atoms fuse into helium, releasing tremendous amounts of energy3 .

The sources highlight that China is on the leading edge of developing nuclear fusion technology globally2 .... China has achieved several key milestones in fusion research3 , including work on specific tokamak projects:

•

Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST): Dubbed the "artificial sun" in China, located in Hefei and run by the China Academy of Sciences (CAS)3 . In January 2025, EAST set a new record by maintaining a high-confinement plasma for 1,066 seconds, surpassing a previous world record of 403 seconds4 . The source notes this is a crucial step towards achieving the sustained fusion reactions needed for practical energy generation4 .

•

HL-2M Tokamak: Located in Chengdu, this is described as China’s largest and most advanced tokamak4 . It has achieved first plasma discharge and high plasma parameters, capable of producing plasma temperatures exceeding 200 million degrees Celsius and plasma currents over 2.5 million amperes4 . These are essential for efficient fusion reactions4 .

•

HH70 Tokamak: Developed by the Shanghai-based private company Energy Singularity5 . This project is notable for integrating high temperature superconducting magnets made from REBCO (rare earth barium copper oxide)5 . This cutting-edge technology is reported to dramatically reduce the size and cost of conventional tokamaks, potentially paving the way for more accessible commercial fusion energy5 . Energy Singularity plans to construct a next-generation tokamak by 2027 and a full-scale technological demonstrator for fusion nuclear reaction by 20305 .

While breakthroughs like those with EAST and HH70 showcase significant progress, the source notes that commercial viability remains the "final frontier" for nuclear fusion6 . However, these developments are seen as significant strides towards turning nuclear fusion into a reality6 .

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Discuss Tokamak Devices.

Based on the source provided, here is information about Tokamak devices:

Tokamak devices are at the heart of the nuclear fusion revolution1 . They are described as donut-shaped devices1 . Their primary function is to contain superheated plasma using powerful magnetic fields1 . By mimicking the sun's conditions, where hydrogen atoms fuse into helium, tokamaks enable the release of tremendous amounts of energy2 . Nuclear fusion, the process that powers the sun, could lead to carbon-free, almost limitless, and clean energy1 .

China is noted as being at the leading edge in global nuclear fusion development2 . The source highlights several key milestones in fusion research involving Tokamaks2 :

•

Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST): Dubbed the "artificial sun" in China, EAST is located in Hefei and is run by the China Academy of Sciences (CAS)2 . In January 2025, EAST set a new record by maintaining a high-confinement plasma for 1,066 seconds, surpassing a previous world record of 403 seconds3 . This achievement is considered a crucial step towards sustained fusion reactions necessary for practical energy generation3 .

•

HL-2M Tokamak: Located in Chengdu, this is described as China's largest and most advanced tokamak3 . It has achieved first plasma discharge and high plasma parameters3 . The HL-2M is capable of producing plasma temperatures exceeding 200 million degrees Celsius and plasma currents over 2.5 million amperes, which are essential for efficient fusion reactions3 .

•

HH70 Tokamak: Developed by the Shanghai-based private company Energy Singularity, the HH70 stands out for integrating high-temperature superconducting magnets made from REBCO (rare earth barium copper oxide)4 . This cutting-edge technology dramatically reduces the size and cost of conventional tokamaks, paving the way for more accessible and commercial fusion energy4 . Energy Singularity plans to construct a next-gen tokamak by 2027 and a full-scale technological demonstrator for fusion nuclear reaction by 20304 .

While commercial viability remains the final frontier for nuclear fusion, breakthroughs demonstrated by devices like EAST and HH70 showcase the significant strides being made towards turning nuclear fusion into a reality5 . Technology, including these developments in fusion and devices like the tokamak, is seen as the ultimate path to human development and prosperity5 .

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Discuss China's Energy.

Based on the sources and our conversation history, your query about China's energy can be addressed by focusing on the advanced nuclear energy technologies that are highlighted as potentially significant for China's future energy mix1 . The source primarily discusses China's progress in thorium molten salt reactors and nuclear fusion.

Regarding Thorium Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs), a truly momentous event occurred in China in early April2 . Chinese scientists successfully added fresh fuel to an operational thorium molten salt reactor, described as the first of its kind in the world1 .... This breakthrough signals the arrival of commercially viable thorium nuclear reactors in China’s future energy mix1 and marks the first long-term, stable operation of this technology3 .

Thorium is presented as a much safer and more abundant alternative to uranium for nuclear power1 . It is widely available globally and cheaper to extract than uranium1 . Thorium also has a higher energy density and produces far less long-lasting nuclear waste1 . A key safety advantage is that thorium is not fissile on its own, so cannot be weaponized1 . Nuclear industry experts reportedly see thorium as a "holy grail" for future energy revolution alongside nuclear fusion4 . China possesses abundant thorium, with one mine in Inner Mongolia theoretically holding enough to meet China's energy needs for the next 20,000 years while producing minimal radioactive waste4 .

The most promising technological direction for utilizing thorium is in molten salt reactors4 . While multiple nations are developing this technology, China is the first to build an experimental thorium molten salt reactor3 .... This experimental reactor, located in the Gobi Desert, uses molten salt as the fuel carrier and coolant, and thorium as the fuel source3 . It was designed to sustainably generate 2 megawatts of thermal power5 .

The development was announced by chief scientist Xu Hongjie on April 85 , who stated that China "now leads the global frontier for thorium nuclear technology"5 . The project, which began with theoretical research in the 1970s, was tasked for reality in 20095 . The team grew significantly6 . They faced immense challenges in materials, extreme temperatures, and novel engineering components6 . Construction started in 20186 , achieving criticality in October 20237 and full-power operation by June 20247 . The thorium fuel reloading while the reactor was running earlier this year makes it the only operational thorium reactor in the world7 . Xu described their approach as having chosen "the hardest path, but the right one," focused on real-world application7 .

Looking ahead, China is already building a much bigger thorium molten salt reactor intended to achieve criticality by 20308 . This larger research reactor is designed to produce 10 megawatts of electricity, sufficient to power 10,000 homes for a year8 . Furthermore, China's state-owned shipbuilding industry has unveiled a design for a thorium-powered container ship, potentially enabling emission-free maritime transport8 . In contrast, US efforts on MSRs reportedly remain "on paper"8 . Xu Hongjie highlighted the need for "strategic stamina, focusing on doing just one thing for 20, 30 years" in the nuclear field9 .

In addition to thorium reactors, the source mentions that China is also on the leading edge of developing nuclear fusion technology9 , which could provide carbon-free, almost limitless, and clean energy9 . Fusion is described as the way the sun powers itself, generating four times the energy of fission9 . Key fusion developments in China include the EAST tokamak setting new records in January 202510 ..., the HL-2M Tokamak achieving high plasma parameters11 , and the HH70 Tokamak integrating high-temperature superconducting magnets to potentially reduce the size and cost of tokamaks12 . While commercial viability for fusion remains the final frontier, these breakthroughs showcase significant strides13 .

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DEEPSEEK

China's Nuclear Energy Revolution: Pioneering Thorium and Fusion for a Sustainable Future

In April 2025, China achieved a historic milestone in clean energy by successfully refueling an operational thorium molten salt reactor (TMSR)—a world-first breakthrough signaling the dawn of commercially viable thorium-based nuclear power. This advancement positions China at the forefront of a global race to harness safer, cleaner, and more abundant energy sources.

Thorium: A Game-Changer for Nuclear Energy
Thorium, a safer and more plentiful alternative to uranium, offers transformative benefits: it cannot be weaponized, produces minimal long-lived radioactive waste, and boasts a global abundance. China’s Bayan Obo mine alone holds sufficient thorium reserves to theoretically power the nation for 20,000 years. The experimental TMSR in the Gobi Desert, operational since 2023, generates 2 megawatts of thermal power and recently demonstrated sustained fuel reloading while running—a critical step toward scalability. By 2030, China aims to launch a 10-megawatt reactor capable of powering 10,000 homes annually. Additionally, state-owned firms are designing thorium-powered emission-free cargo ships, underscoring the technology’s versatility.

Strategic Commitment and Innovation
China’s thorium program, initiated in the 1970s, accelerated under the leadership of scientist Xu Hongjie. Overcoming engineering challenges—such as extreme-temperature materials and unprecedented reactor design—required a 400-strong research team and relentless dedication, including years of round-the-clock work in remote locations. Xu emphasized “strategic stamina,” highlighting China’s decades-long focus on practical applications over theoretical pursuits.

Fusion: The Next Frontier
Parallel to thorium advancements, China leads in nuclear fusion research, aiming to replicate the sun’s energy-generating process. Key projects include:

EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak): Dubbed China’s “artificial sun,” it shattered records in 2025 by sustaining high-confinement plasma for 1,066 seconds—a leap toward continuous fusion reactions.
HL-2M Tokamak: Achieved plasma temperatures exceeding 200 million°C, critical for efficient energy output.
Energy Singularity’s HH70: A private-sector innovation using high-temperature superconducting magnets to reduce tokamak size and cost, targeting a commercial demonstrator by 2030.

Global Implications
While U.S. molten salt reactor efforts lag, China’s progress underscores its dominance in next-gen nuclear technology. These breakthroughs promise a future of near-limitless, carbon-free energy, potentially revolutionizing global energy security and climate resilience.

Conclusion
Amidst geopolitical distractions like trade wars, China’s strides in thorium and fusion epitomize the transformative power of sustained technological investment. As the world grapples with energy and environmental crises, these innovations offer a roadmap to a sustainable, prosperous future—one where clean energy transcends political rivalries.

Source: Hua Bin, The Unz Review (Apr. 18, 2025)