NGSS

Scientific and Engineering Practices

1. Asking questions (for science) and defining problems (for engineering) - Ask and refine questions that lead to descriptions and explanations of how the natural and designed world works and which can be empirically tested.

2. Developing and using models - Use and construct models as helpful tools for representing ideas and explanations. These tools include diagrams, drawings, physical replicas, mathematical representations, analogies, and computer simulations.

3. Planning and carrying out investigations - Plan and carry out investigations in the field or laboratory, working collaboratively as well as individually. Investigations are systematic and require clarifying what counts as data and identifying variables or parameters.

4. Analyzing and interpreting data - Use a range of tools—including tabulation, graphical interpretation, visualization, and statistical analysis—to identify the significant features and patterns in the data. Identify sources of error in the investigations and calculate the degree of certainty in the results.

5. Using mathematics and computational thinking - Mathematics and computation are fundamental tools for representing physical variables and their relationships. They are used for a range of tasks such as constructing simulations; statistically analyzing data; and recognizing, expressing, and applying quantitative relationships.

6. Constructing explanations (for science) and designing solutions (for engineering) - The products of science are explanations and the products of engineering are solutions.

7. Engaging in argument from evidence - Argumentation is the process by which explanations and solutions are reached.

8. Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information - Scientists and engineers must be able to communicate clearly and persuasively the ideas and methods they generate. Critiquing and communicating ideas individually and in groups is a critical professional activity.