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Denotified Tribes (DNTs), also known as Vimukta Jati,[1] are the tribes that were listed originally under the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871,[2] as Criminal Tribes and "addicted to the systematic commission of non-bailable offences." Once a tribe became "notified" as criminal, all its members were required to register with the local magistrate, failing which they would be charged with a "crime" under the Indian Penal Code.
The Criminal Tribes Act was repealed in 1949 and thus 'de-notified' the tribal communities.[3] This Act, however, was replaced by a series of Habitual Offenders Acts, that asked police to investigate a "suspect's" "criminal tendencies" and whether their occupation is "conducive to settled way of life." The denotified tribes were reclassified as "habitual offenders" in 1959.
The name "Criminal Tribes" is itself a misnomer as no definition of tribe denotes occupation, but they were identified as tribes "performing" their primary occupation. The first census was in 1871 and at that time there was no consensus nor any definition of what constitutes a "tribe". The terms "tribe" and "caste" were used interchangeably for these tribes
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The UN's anti-discrimination body Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) asked India to repeal the Habitual Offenders Act (1952) and effectively rehabilitate the denotified and nomadic tribes on 9 March 2007.[4]
In 2008, the National Commission for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (NCDNSNT) of Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment recommended equal reservations, as available to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, for around 110 million people belonging to the denotified tribes, nomadic or semi-nomadic tribes in India.[5] Along with the tribes designated as, "Nomadic" or "Semi-Nomadic", the denotified tribes are eligible for reservation.[6][7]
^ "List Of Vimukt Jatis (Denotifiedl Tribes) and Tapriwas Jatis". Directorate of Social Justice & Empowerment, Government of Haryana. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
^ Year of Birth - 1871: Mahasweta Devi on India's Denotified Tribes Archived 12 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine by Mahasveta Devi. indiatogether.org.
^ Halbar, B. G. (1986). Lamani Economy and Society in Change: Socio-cultural Aspects of Economic Change Among the Lamani of North Karnataka. Mittal Publications. p. 18.
^ Repeal the Habitual Offenders Act and affectively rehabilitate the denotified tribes, UN to India Asian Tribune, Mon, 19 March 2007.
^ Panel favours reservation for nomadic tribes by Raghvendra Rao, Indian Express, 21 August 2008.
^ Neelabh Mishra (6 October 2008). "A Little Carvanserai". Outlook. 48 (40): 14.
^ List of Castes – Maharashtra State Archived 29 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Dilip D Souza (2001). Branded by Law Looking at India's Denotified Tribes. ISBN 978-0-14-100749-6.
G.N. Devy (2006). A Nomad Called Thief. ISBN 81-250-3021-2.
Debī, Mahāśvetā (2002). The Book of the Hunter. ISBN 81-7046-204-5.
Gandhi, Malli (2008). Denotified Tribes Dimensions of Change. Kanishka Publishers. ISBN 978-81-8457-065-6.
Repeal the Habitual Offenders Act and affectively rehabilitate the denotified tribes, UN to India
Singh, Birinder Pal, ed. (2012). Criminal Tribes of Punjab. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-13651-786-0.
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