Building knowledge includes the three following aspects (which can happen quickly or slowly):
Notice what matters in a situation and what is worth attending to
How relevant is this information?
How to use this information in different applications
Integrating and extending knowledge takes more than just these three factors though.
"Learners of all ages know many things that were not explicitly taught or directly experienced. They routinely generate their own novel understanding of the information they are accumulating and productively extend their knowledge" - Pg. 93