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Drake's List of Fallacies

Study guide for comprehensive final.

These are the actual questions. Most are multiple choice. The options are deleted. All questions on the test are questions that have appeared before on chapter tests. Some questions are expanded.

Oral Communications Comprehensive Final

Chapter 1

1. What is communication?
   1. A conscious act that involves coding and decoding nonverbal channels
   2. The process of sharing information by using symbols to send and receive messages
   3. Messages that are transmitted through channels including gestures, facial expressions, and sounds such as laughter, clapping, or hissing
2. What is the difference between formal and informal communication?
   1. Formal communication can not be prepared for ahead of time and informal communication can be prepared for ahead of time
   2. Both formal and informal communication can not be prepared for ahead of time
   3. Both formal and informal communication can be prepared for ahead of time
   4. Formal communication can be prepared for ahead of time and informal communication can not be prepared for ahead of time
3. What three characteristics of an audience should a speaker know?
   1. Age, religion, and national and ethnic background
   2. Individual, cultural, and sociological characteristics
   3. Personality, interests, and aspirations
   4. Affiliations, education, and occupation
4. Which of these definitions of interference is incorrect?
   1. Interference is anything that gets in the way of clear communication
   2. Semantic noise refers to the thoughts and feelings that distract people from listening
   3. There are three types of interference: physical noise, psychological noise, and semantic noise
   4. A speaker’s words can trigger strong negative or positive feelings for or against the speaker or the content of the speech

Chapter 2

1. What is the difference between verbal and nonverbal?
   1. Verbal language is used to complement, emphasize, replace, or contradict a non-verbal message
   2. Verbal language is a system of spoken and written words while nonverbal language is communication without words
   3. Verbal language consists of cues such as body language, appearance, and the sound of the voice while non-verbal language does not
2. Which of the following lists correctly describes all verbal language?
   1. All verbal language contains jargon, slang, and dialect
   2. All verbal language uses facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, posture, and movement to transmit messages
   3. All verbal language makes use of environmental factors such as color, lighting, sound, and space to change or emphasize meaning
   4. All verbal language is a system, symbolic, conventional, learned, and changes
3. What are these items called: facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, posture, movement?
   1. Body language
   2. Perception check
   3. Verbal language
   4. Paralanguage
4. What are these items called: pitch, volume, rate, quality or tone of voice?
   1. Body language
   2. Perception check
   3. Verbal language
   4. Paralanguage
5. Space that ranges from 18 inches to four feet from a person is called what?
   1. Public
   2. Private
   3. Social
   4. Personal

Chapter 3

1. What are the four aspects, or characteristics, of vocalization that affect how a speaker sounds to others?
   1. Pitch, melody, range, inflection
   2. Plosives, fricatives, nasals, glides
   3. (1) Bones in the chest, neck, and head; (2) the throat; (3) the nose; and (4) the mouth
   4. Nasality, breathiness, harshness, hoarseness
   5. Pitch, volume, rate, quality
2. What are resonators?
   1. Pitch, melody, range, inflection
   2. Plosives, fricatives, nasals, glides
   3. (1) Bones in the chest, neck, and head; (2) the throat; (3) the nose; and (4) the mouth
   4. Nasality, breathiness, harshness, hoarseness
   5. Pitch, volume, rate, quality
3. What are the four classifications of sound?
   1. Pitch, melody, range, inflection
   2. Plosives, fricatives, nasals, glides
   3. (1) Bones in the chest, neck, and head; (2) the throat; (3) the nose; and (4) the mouth
   4. Nasality, breathiness, harshness, hoarseness
   5. Pitch, volume, rate, quality
4. Saying tink for think, bref for breath, jist for just, or git for get is called
   1. Substituting one sound for another
   2. Leaving out a sound (omission)
   3. Adding an extra sound
   4. Transposing sounds
5. Saying mos for most, bes for best, jus for just, see’um for see him is called
   1. Substituting one sound for another
   2. Leaving out a sound (omission)
   3. Adding an extra sound
   4. Transposing sounds
6. Saying prefer for prefer, aks for ask, modern for modern is called
   1. Substituting one sound for another
   2. Leaving out a sound (omission)
   3. Adding an extra sound
   4. Transposing sounds
7. Saying ahold for hold, filum for film, idear for idea, soften for sofen is called
   1. Substituting one sound for another
   2. Leaving out a sound (omission)
   3. Adding an extra sound
   4. Transposing sounds

Chapter 4

1. A _____ is an untrue or distorted starting point for an argument that may be thought of as true.
   1. Hasty Generalization
   2. Begging the Question
   3. False Premise
   4. False Analogy
2. A _____ is a propaganda technique that tries to evoke strong attitudes.
   1. Name-calling
   2. Stereotype
   3. Loaded Words
   4. Emotional Appeal

Chapter 5

1. What are Maslow’s categories in the hierarchy of needs?
   1. Assessing your needs to improve communication, making changes in self-concept, examining attitudes and goals, analyzing interpersonal situations, interacting with others
   2. Physiological, safety and security, love and affection, esteem, self-actualization
   3. Physical characteristics, background and experience, selected focus, current mood and circumstances
   4. Physical characteristics, social traits, stereotyping, emotional state
   5. Selection, organization, interpretation of sensory information
2. What items contribute to individual differences in perception?
   1. Assessing your needs to improve communication, making changes in self-concept, examining attitudes and goals, analyzing interpersonal situations, interacting with others
   2. Physiological, safety and security, love and affection, esteem, self-actualization
   3. Physical characteristics, background and experience, selected focus, current mood and circumstances
   4. Physical characteristics, social traits, stereotyping, emotional state
   5. Selection, organization, interpretation of sensory information
3. What factors influence first impressions?
   1. Assessing your needs to improve communication, making changes in self-concept, examining attitudes and goals, analyzing interpersonal situations, interacting with others
   2. Physiological, safety and security, love and affection, esteem, self-actualization
   3. Physical characteristics, background and experience, selected focus, current mood and circumstances
   4. Physical characteristics, social traits, stereotyping, emotional state
   5. Selection, organization, interpretation of sensory information
4. What is the part of yourself that you choose to share with everyone?
   1. Shy self
   2. Public self
   3. Social self
   4. Private self

Chapter 6

1. What is interpersonal communication?
   1. When you share your deepest feelings with others
   2. The communication that occurs between two or more people
   3. When you can rely on a person
2. What are the three stages of recognizing relationships?
   1. Acquaintances, friendships, close relationships
   2. Friendship, respect, assertiveness
   3. Acquaintances, close relationship, empathy
   4. Empathy, respect, friendship
3. How should feelings be disclosed?
   1. Avoid always withholding feelings
   2. Describe the feelings
   3. Avoid displays of negative feelings
   4. All the above

Chapter 8

1. What are the three different types of interviews?
   1. Job, school, informative
   2. Business, informative, sports
   3. School, friendship, business
   4. Job, sports, gang membership
2. What do interviewers look for?
   1. Lifestyle, religion, honesty
   2. Appearance, life style, initiative
   3. Appearance, honesty, initiative
   4. Communication skills, hair style, hygiene
3. What is paraphrasing
   1. Stating in your own words, words from another person
   2. Summarizing words from another
   3. Reading words from a note card
   4. Having others read for you

Chapter 9

1. What is the first step in preparing a speech?
   1. Making a thesis statement
   2. Selecting a topic
   3. Knowing your audience
   4. Writing an introduction
2. What is a general purpose in a speech
   1. It is an overall goal of a speech
   2. It is a specific point to get across
   3. It is a type of speech
3. Know one’s audience involves knowing what?
   1. Audience’s height and weight
   2. Audience’s age, IQ, and cultural background
   3. Audience’s education, ethnicity, and affiliations
   4. Audience’s age, affiliations, and cultural background

Chapter 11

1. How should the body of a speech be organized?
   1. Determine main points, outline the material planned to be used, place information into a chronological order
   2. Determine main points, outline the material planned to be used, place information into a spatial order
   3. Determine main points, outline the material planned to be used, place information into a logical order
   4. Determine main points, outline the material planned to be used, place information into a sequential order
2. What factors should be considered in planning an introduction?
   1. Interest, attention, and goodwill
   2. Interest, recognition, and goodwill
   3. Recognition, attention, and goodwill
   4. Time, topic, and purpose
3. What factors should be considered in planning a conclusion?
   1. Emphasize the key points of a speech and intensify emotions.
   2. Emphasize new information
   3. Intensify emotions and emphasize new information
   4. Suggest a course of action and emphasize new information

Chapter 12

1. What is a way to emphasize your words?
   1. Repeat words
   2. Contradict words
   3. Make an announcement
2. Which of these is the definition of jargon?
   1. Highly informal language that is formed by creating new words or by giving common words new meanings
   2. Words or phrases that are used in place of words that are thought to be unpleasant or distasteful
   3. Language that is used by people within a particular group or field
   4. A figurative expression that has been used so often that it has lost its power
3. Which of these is the definition of cliché?
   1. Highly informal language that is formed by creating new words or by giving common words new meanings
   2. Words or phrases that are used in place of words that are thought to be unpleasant or distasteful
   3. Language that is used by people within a particular group or field
   4. A figurative expression that has been used so often that it has lost its power
4. Which of these is the definition of euphemisms?
   1. Highly informal language that is formed by creating new words or by giving common words new meanings
   2. Words or phrases that are used in place of words that are thought to be unpleasant or distasteful
   3. Language that is used by people within a particular group or field
   4. A figurative expression that has been used so often that it has lost its power
5. Which of these is the definition of slang?
   1. Highly informal language that is formed by creating new words or by giving common words new meanings
   2. Words or phrases that are used in place of words that are thought to be unpleasant or distasteful
   3. Language that is used by people within a particular group or field
   4. A figurative expression that has been used so often that it has lost its power

Chapter 14

1. What are organizational patterns for the body of a speech?
   1. Thesis statement, Introduction, transition, body, transition, conclusion, thesis repeated
   2. Chronological, Topical, Spatial, Climactic, Cause-and-effect, Comparison-and-Contrast
   3. Poise, eye contact, gestures, articulation, non-verbal behavior, vocalized pauses
   4. Jargon, slang, colloquialism, standard American English, convention, connotation
2. What are two general categories of informative speech?
   1. Prose and Poetry
   2. Drama and Acting
   3. Persuasion and Entertainment
   4. Process and Expository
3. What are the three steps in planning an informative speech?
   1. Go to wikipedia, copy, paste
   2. Research, read, interview
   3. Introduction, body, conclusion
   4. Chose a topic, know your purpose, gather information
4. What are five ways a speech can be adapted to the audience?
   1. Experience, familiarity, technical knowledge, details, essential steps
   2. Anecdotes, audiovisual material, preview, photographs, charts
5. What are three ways a speaker can help listeners retain information?
   1. Mnemonic devices, audiovisual materials, demonstrations
   2. Experience, details, essential steps
   3. Mnemonic devices, familiarity, essential steps

Chapter 15 (Fill in the blank) Word Bank: Negative, Comparative Advantage, Problem Solution, Statement of Reasons, Monroe Motivated Sequence, Criteria Satisfaction.

45. ___________________

Thesis: You should vote for Ann Welch for senior class president

1. Ann Welch has more experience than any other candidate.
2. Ann Welch has shown the ability to work harder than any other candidate.
3. Ann Welch’s fresh ideas will benefit you more than any other candidate’s ideas will.

46. ___________________

1. Bill Garver has no real leadership experience.
2. Laura Simpson has no real leadership experience.
3. Jack Phillips has a little experience but has not shown an inclination to be willing to pitch in with the work.
4. Ann Wlech has leadership experience, has proven herself to be a hard worker, and has fresh ideas.

Thesis: You should vote for Ann Welch for senior class president.

47. ___________________

1. Most of us are likely to agree on the criteria for class president.
1. A class president should have proven leadership experience.
2. A class president should have a record as a hard worker.
3. A class president should have fresh ideas.
   1. Ann Welch meets all three of these criteria
4. Ann Welch has considerable leadership experience.
5. Ann Welch has proven to be a hard worker.
6. Ann Welch has fresh ideas that will benefit you.

Thesis: You should vote for Ann Welch for senior class president.

48. ___________________

1. We all saw how last year’s senior class floundered for lack of leadership
2. Yet, the senior class is the class with the greatest expectations in high school
3. A strong leader can restore class spirit and help our class accomplish its goals
4. Led by a president with a clear vision of this class’s potential, proven leadership experiences, and a commitment to hard work, this class can go down in history

Thesis: You should vote for Ann Welch, a hard-working, proven leader with a vision.

49. ___________________

Thesis: You should vote for Ann Welch for senior class president.

1. Ann Welch has proven leadership experience.
2. Ann Welch is a hard worker who will work for you.
3. Ann Welch has fresh ideas that will benefit you.

50. The ______________________ strategy has the purpose of getting the audience to agree to the soundness of certain criteria, or standards. Then the speaker shows how the speaker’s proposal satisfies those criteria. This method is especially useful with hostile audience members who need to be shown that what the speaker has to say matters to them and that the speaker is worth listening to.

51. With the _______________________ strategy, the speaker shows that no option other than the one the speaker is proposing is acceptable. This method can work well with a hostile audience if the speaker gives his or her listeners enough solid evidence to convince them to agree with every reason.

52. The ______________________ strategy is based on the premise that in order to convince an audience to act, a speaker must do the following:

1. Draw attention to the problem
2. Show a need for some action
3. Outline a plan that will satisfy that need
4. Help the audience visualize the benefits of that plan of action
5. Suggest a specific action that puts the plan into practice

53. With the _______________________ method, the speaker first presents a problem and then offers at least one possible solution for that problem. The speaker continues with this pattern for each problem the speaker has identified. This method works well with both favorable and neutral audiences. It can also succeed with apathetic audiences if you personalize both the problem and the solution convincingly.

54. The ________________________ method presents each reason as a benefit to the audience. Sometimes the advantage of each reason is stated directly, using words like more or better; other times it is simply implied, or suggested. This method works well with neutral audiences, by directly presenting the benefits.

"How To" Round 3

1. Tell us your name
2. Tell us your topic (1 & 2 are a slide A)
3. Restate your topic two different ways (slide B)
4. Give us a real reason why we should know your information (slide C)
5. Explain/define what the key word(s) means (slide D)
6. Say how many steps are in the process (not on a slide)
7. Say the words in bold for all of the steps but NOT the descriptions that follow (slide E, number the steps)
8. Go through the list again, this time saying both the bold text and the descriptions (one slide for each step--do NOT include the description, that is what you tell us)
9. Repeat what you think is most important in what you said (next slide)
1. Repeat the legitimate reason for why we listened to you (last slide)

Each slide needs a relevant image

Must use 16-point font

How to, video

Introduction Do’s and Don’ts

Do: Tell audience

1. Who you are and what makes you qualified to talk
2. What you are going to talk about
3. When you will be through
4. Where the speech is going to go
5. Why audience should listen: what is in it for them
6. How you will make speech interesting
7. Start with the most important idea the audience needs to know

Don’t:

1. Don’t say, “Before I begin….”
2. Don’t get names wrong
3. Don’t admit that you’d rather be anywhere else
4. Don’t admit that you’re not prepared
5. Don’t admit that you’ve given the identical speech a million times for other audiences
6. Don’t use offensive humor
7. Don’t announce someone else wrote your information
8. Don’t ask about how much time you have
9. Don’t start with a joke--ever; just get to the point
10. Don’t start with a story--ever; just get to the point
11. Don't start with the words, "Have you ever wondered why ...."
12. Don't start with a description of what you were doing when you found out that you were giving this speech and how you felt about it and what you thought about it

For Graduation Speeches:

1. Do acknowledge the accomplishment of graduating
2. Do acknowledge the importance of this moment in time
3. Do talk about the difficulty and hardship the graduates had over the last several years
4. Do talk about the achievements and successes the graduates had over the last several years
5. Do give the graduates one advice
6. Do give the graduates one challenge challenge them to start doing something in the future or to make a promise for improving themselves or their community
7. Do make the speech about other people--Do NOT make the speech about you

Briggs Myers Test

Ten things good listeners do

1. Try—listening takes an effort
2. Don’t daydream
3. Don’t be defensive
4. Deal with distractions
5. Look at the person speaking
6. Focus on the main ideas
7. Make mental summaries
8. Keep an open mind~be aware of emotional words
9. Ask what words mean: clarify what is being said
10. Give feedback to the speaker

Chapter 1 Open-Book Test

1. Interpreting the symbols in a message is called
   1. Encoding
   2. Decoding
   3. Nonverbal communication
   4. Feedback
2. Communication between two or more people is
   1. Only verbal
   2. Only nonverbal
   3. Intrapersonal
   4. Interpersonal
3. Messages are carried by symbols
   1. In a few communication situations
   2. In written, but not in spoken, communication
   3. In all communication situations
   4. Only in face-to-face communications
4. An effective communicator is
   1. A good listener
   2. Knowledgeable on the topic
   3. Organized
   4. All of the above
5. Communication is defined in the text as a
   1. Skill needed primarily in formal settings and only rarely in informal settings
   2. Natural ability of every human being
   3. Debate between two people
   4. Process of sharing information
6. Channels of communication are
   1. Sound waves and light waves
   2. The sense of touch
   3. Both a and b
   4. a phone, intercom, television, radio, film, book, magazine, or newspaper
7. A formal communication setting
   1. Includes conversation with family and friends
   2. Allows for only verbal interaction between sender and receivers
   3. Allows for preparation beforehand
   4. Occurs only between important people
8. In conversation between two friends,
   1. The receiver never sends a message to the sender
   2. The receiver sends only nonverbal feedback
   3. The receiver sends only verbal feedback
   4. The roles of sender and receiver switch back and forth between the two people
9. The nonverbal symbol(s) in face-to-face communication is (are)
   1. Gestures, facial expressions, and sounds
   2. Facial expressions and sounds
   3. Gestures and facial expressions
   4. Words only
10. The three kinds of interference that obstruct clear communication are
    1. Physical, psychological, personal
    2. Psychological, semantic, audience
    3. Physical, psychological, semantic
    4. Physical, psychological, audience
11. Feedback is
    1. An idea
    2. A return message
    3. A symbol
    4. A conversation
12. Communication is essential in
    1. Meeting social needs
    2. Making decisions
    3. Building relationships
    4. All of the above
13. An informal communication setting
    1. Does not require the sender or the receiver to use nonverbal communication
    2. Includes conversation with family and friends
    3. Provides little opportunity for feedback
    4. Occurs only between longtime friends and associates
14. In a public speaking situation,
    1. Entertainment is never the goal
    2. The audience cannot offer feedback
    3. The speakers purpose can be to inform, to persuade, or to entertain the audience
    4. The speaker does not need to adapt to the audience
15. Debaters must
    1. Prove or disprove a statement
    2. Take opposing sides on an issue
    3. Never give feedback
    4. A and b
16. One of the first steps in the communication process is
    1. Having an idea to communicate
    2. Finding a receiver
    3. Selecting a channel to use
    4. Decoding the message
17. A speaker can gather information about an audience by considering the audience on
    1. A personal level
    2. A nonverbal level
    3. An economic level
    4. Cultural, sociological, and individual levels
18. In examining an audience’s cultural characteristics, the speaker considers
    1. Age and educational background
    2. Age, religion, and national and ethnic background
    3. National and educational background
    4. Personal interests
19. Knowing the audience’s background helps the speaker
    1. Predict how the audience will respond to the information
    2. Interpret the audience’s feedback
    3. Both a and b
    4. Neither a nor b
20. The process of turning ideas and feelings into symbols to be communicated is
    1. Encoding
    2. Decoding
    3. The message
    4. The feedback

Reader's Theater

Pioneer Drama

History of English

Ten things good listeners do

1. Try—listening takes an effort
2. Don’t daydream
3. Don’t be defensive
4. Deal with distractions
5. Look at the person speaking
6. Focus on the main ideas
7. Make mental summaries
8. Keep an open mind~be aware of emotional words
9. Ask what words mean: clarify what is being said
10. Give feedback to the speaker
    • Use any news source you want but it must be an online newspaper:
      • Des Moines Register
      • Sioux City Journal
      • Spencer Daily Reporter
      • Chicago Tribune
      • Chicago Sun-Times
      • Star Tribune
      • RedEye
      • The Plain Dealer
      • Detroit Free Press
      • St. Paul Pioneer Press
      • The Indianapolis Star
      • The Cincinnati Enquirer
      • The Columbus Dispatch

• Find a letter that you disagree with
• Read it

77_Questions .PDF is located at this website www.dshs.state.tx.us/riskcomm/documents/77_Questions.pdf

Bad Logic examples

Night Before Christmas