The Triboelectric effect/triboelectricity is the phenomenon when electric charge is made by friction between 2 dissimilar materials are rub together, causing electrons transfer and static electricity buildup.
Etm: "tribo-" is from Greek word "tribein", means "to rub" (τριβειν) + "electric" is from word "elektron" (ἤλεκτρον) means "amber"--1st material known to make static electricity if rubbed. It means "electricity caused by rubbing".
[1] E.g. Rubbing our hair wuth a balloon makes it attract to it, exchanging charges--one is more negative/positive than another--is the triboelectric effect.
Before, we rubbed silk cloth on glass. We see them discharge.
Lightnings have potential and discharges.
What happens is the balloon grabs electron from our hair--balloon gets more negatively charged and hair gets positively charged.
[1] The elementary unit of charge is defined in charge of protons or electrons, for how much particles repel/attract.
Protons are positive: +e = proton charges
Mnm: "p" of proton means positive
Electron mass is smaller than proton's and most atom mass is from proton and neutrons.
But electrons have the same, but opposite charges as protons and their magnitude in charges are equal.
Electrons are negative: -e = Electron charge
Neutrons have no charges, as its name says.
In big scales, Coulomb (C) is the general unit for charges.
Note: Named after 18th century French physicist Charle Augstin de Coulomb.
(1 Coulomb) 1C ≈ 6.24 x 10¹⁸ e (protons).
The magnitude of electron charges is: e ≈ 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C
For electrons, it's 6.24 x 10¹⁸ -e (electrons).
The net charge is the sum of an object's charges.
If an object has more protons (positive) than electrons (negative), its net charge is positive--in short:
electron number < proton number = positive net charge
t
electron number > proton number = negative net charge
proton number = electron number = neutral net charge
If charges are sent between objects, only electrons move.
As electron can’t be broken down any smaller, charges can only be in multiples of the elementary charge 'e' e ≈ 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C--So the charge is quantized and the charge on anything is an integer multiple of the elementary charge.
quantize: to subdivide (e.g. energy) into small but measurable parts.
E.g. An object’s charge is 0e, 1e, -1e, 2e, etc, not ¼e, ½e, etc.
A team analyzes charges of heavy nuclei detected in an experiment, where the nucleus with charge 37e is excess. They graph the number of nuclei detected as function of nucleus' charge.
e = electron charge
A team analyzes results of a nuclear collider experiment, showing the nuclei in the collision had charges of 9.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C ± 0.1 x 10⁻¹⁹ C.
How many times is the observed charge bigger than the elementary charge or is it even a mutliply of the 'e'?
"9.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C ± 0.1 x 10⁻¹⁹ C" means the measured charge is 9.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C, with an uncertainty of 0.1 x 10⁻¹⁹ C--The true value is between:
9.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C - 0.1 x 10⁻¹⁹ C; or
9.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C + 0.1 x 10⁻¹⁹ C
Yes it is a multiply of 'e'.
The observed charge is 6x larger than the elementary charge 'e' "1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C": 9.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C ÷ 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C = 6e
A team analyzes a nuclei's charge, where te nucleus has a 37e charge. They graph the number of nuclei, where e is the magnitude of an electron charge.
Which of these 2 is their graph?
Graph 2, as nuclei are charges a sinteger multiples of 'e'.
[Q1]