Plant cell

Plant cells are cells present in green plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes of kingdom Plantae and are classified as eukaryotic cells, meaning their nucleus is within a nuclear envelope.

Their distinctive features include primary cell walls containing cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin, the presence of plastids with the capability to perform photosynthesis and store starch, a large vacuole that regulates turgor pressure, the absence of flagella or centrioles, except in the gametes, and a unique method of cell division involving the formation of a cell plate or phragmoplast that separates the new daughter cells.

Plant cells are rectangular and are larger than animal cells.

Both cells are eukaryotic and share a few of the same organelles with different functions.

Organelles

mean "little organ"

Just like different organs within the body, plant cell structure includes various components known as cell organelles that perform different functions to sustain itself.These organelles include:

Nucleolus

Area inside nucleus of cell made of RNA and proteins
Where ribosome are made
Collection of DNA in nucleus of eukaryotic cell

The sphere = nucleus

Nucleus

Organelle found in eukaryotic cells containing genetic material in the form of DNA for all cell activities. and responsible for control gene expression and cell activity

Mostly spherical or oval-shaped surrounded by double membrane called "nuclear envelope" that contain proteins to transport molecules in and of nucleus.

DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes, made of long messy strands of DNA that are responsible to carry info from 1 generation to next.

Nucleus also has a nucleolus, involved in making ribosomes, cell's protein-making machinery.

When cell divides, DNA is copied so each new cell has a complete set of DNA.

The nucleus' function is essential for survival and proper functioning of eukaryotic cells. Without properly functioning nucleus, cells can't carry out vital processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and translation.

In summary, the nucleus is a crucial organelle found in eukaryotic cells containing genetic material and regulates cellular activity.

Chromatin

Stiff substance filling eukaryotic cells' nucleus that plays cucial role in cell division

Provide nucleus with response

During interphase, long DNA is coiled ad messy.
As mitosis starts to get ready

Cell Membrane

A.k.a plasma membrane (PM), cytoplasmic membrane or historically known as plasmalemma

Semi-permeable (only let certain substances pass) organelle surrounding the cell to seperate outside with flexible double-layered membrane in order to support the cell and only let substances (water and oxygen) to pass easily and keep others out (larger proteins) thus being named as a "semi-permeable organelle membrane".

Plant Cell's Cell Membrane

Plant Cell's Cell Membrane are located between their cytoplasms and cell walls

located between cell wall and cytoplasm and

All organisms' cell membrane function is similar, but some organisms may have new functions in their cell membrane.

Ex: cell membranes of some bacteria contain proteins helps them move.

Fluid Mosaic Model (Structure Cell Membrane)

The current "accepted" model of cell membrane is called "fluid mosaic model", was first proposed in 1972.

Cholesterol: composed of 4 carbon rings, found alongside phospholipids in core of membrane.

Principal components of plasma membrane are lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol), proteins, and carbohydrate groups that are attached to some lipids and proteins.

Cell membrane is composed mostly of phospholipids that's embedded with many proteins and consist of fatty acids and alcohol.

Bi-layer: Double-layer of closely packed atoms/molecules. It separate cell contents from outside environment.

Lipid: Many organic compounds group like fats, oils, hormones, and some membrane components grouped together as they don't like water.

Phospholipid:

2.3 Phospholipid Bilayer

Contains phosphate group in molecule and can't be broken down/dissolved in water.

Lipid made of glycerol, a head and 2 tails attached.

Are usually 2 layers with their tails pointing inward, an arrangement called a phospholipid bilayer.

They're well suited for the job since they're amphipathic, meaning that they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

The hydrophilic head, or “water-loving” contains a negative charged phosphate group and a small group (of varying identity, “R” in left diagram), which may also be charged or polar.

Contains aqueous (watery) fluid both inside and outside cell.

Since water is a polar molecule, without hesitation forms electrostatic (occurs when no charges) interactions with phospholipid heads.

Polar Molecules: 1 end of molecule = slightly positive, while other end = slightly negative

The head or hydrophilic likes water (philic means to like).

The tails or hydrophobic hate water (phobic mean to hate/dislike).

Water-hating tails face inside.

Water-loving heads face outwards, toward either cytoplasm or fluid surrounding the cell.

Centrosome and Centriole

Advice remember

Centrosome (some = more than 1)
Centriole ("ol me" = only 1

1 Centrosome = 2 centrioles

Centrioles are cylindrical structures oriented at 90° to each other, made of microtubules, and are usually near the nucleus (only in animal cells)

Centrosomes found in eukaryotic cells playing a crucial role in cell division and is responsible for organizing microtubules making up spindle fibres during cell division that are useful to separate chromosomes into 2 daughter cells.

Centriol = 9 microtubules in cylindrical array. 1 shaped organelles located in cytoplasm of animal cells

Cytoplasm

Suspended all cell's organelle as it's mostly made of water, and other substances kept until needed.

Many chemical reactions happens in cytoplasm, as it can decide to change from jelly to liquid-like organelle to whether they can move by diffusion, a physical process that can work only for short distances.

All cell growth's functions and replication are in cytoplasm.

Diffusion:

Cytoskeleton

The cell's skeleton looking like long fibres spread around the cytoplasm maintaining cell structure and reduce movement and division.

Cytoskeletal's 3 main types of filaments are microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

Unlike in animal cells, plant cells are composed of 3 main types of protein fibers: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

Microfilaments: thinnest fibers and made up of actin proteins. They play a role in cell movement and division, as well as maintaining cell shape.

Intermediate filaments: thicker than microfilaments and made of various proteins like keratin.
They provide mechanical strength to cell and help anchor organelles in place.
Microtubules: thickest fibers and of tubulin proteins playing a role in cell division, maintaining cell shape.

Mitochondrion

Aka Power House. Mitochondria (plural)

Wikipedia

Bean-shaped organelle with many of them in the cell that perform cellular respiration and energy production.

They make energy for the cell thus named the "Power House" and contain enzymes helping to convert stored energy to easily usable form from nutrients, a process called "cellular respiration" as it requires oxygen.

Cells like in livers and muscle having the process have to do it very fast which is why they need a lot of mitochondria.

Unlike inactive cells don't respire quickly, like fat cells only have a few mitochondria.

Ribosome

All cell has many of these cellular machinery making proteins found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, but they differ slightly in size and composition.

Each made of 2 subunits called "Large subunit" and "Small subunit", locking around messenger RNA then travel along RNA molecule's messages length reading each 3 letter codon.

It's made of rRNA/Ribosome RNA, in nucleolus and synthesis proteins, the process to translate information in mRNA/messenger RNA (instructions on how to create proteins) from DNA to produce proteins.

The info is used to assemble a specific sequence of amino acids into a protein chain.

They can be found in cell's 2 locations; anywhere in the cytoplasm, it's called "free ribosome" or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, it's called "bound ribosome".

This process occurs in all living cells and is essential for organisms' growth, development, and maintenance.

Flagellum

Flagella (plural)

Hairlike structure located at front of the cell
Acting mainly as organelle of locomotion in cells of many living beings.
There are 3 types

bacterial
archaeal
eukaryotic

Plastid

It is a diverse type of organelles found only in plants and algae's plant cells. They are double-membrane-bound and have their own DNA, which is separate from the nuclear DNA of the cell. Plastids are responsible for a variety of functions, including photosynthesis, storage of starches and lipids, and the synthesis of pigments and other compounds.

There are many types of plastids with each having its own unique structure and function. Chloroplasts are the most well-known type of plastid, as they're responsible for photosynthesis.

Chromoplasts are responsible for synthesis and pigments' storage, like carotenoids, which give fruits and flowers their bright colors. Amyloplasts are specialized plastids that store starches.

Vacuole

Organelles found in eukaryotic cells playing crucial role in maintaining the cell's internal environment.

Vacuoles can contain a variety of substances such as water, ions, sugars, pigments, and enzymes.

Membrane of bound cell organelle
Mostly small in animal cells.
Stores materials
Help sequester waste products

Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

ER - Plant Cells page

3D network of tubes-like organelles found in prokaryote/eukaryotes cells playing a crucial role in synthesis transporting proteins, lipids and produce ribosomes.

These fluid-filled tubes transport materials like proteins through the cell.

While both plant and animal cells have these there are some major differences: They're are larger in animal cells.

It's connected to other organelles like golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and plasma membrane through vesicular transport.

Rough ER is the one surrounding the nucleus and with ribosomes attached to it, giving a rough texture. The ribosomes on it produces protein and enters the ER then gets out to be transported in another location of the cell.

The smooth ER does lipid synthesis, substances like steroids, phospholipids and oils are produced here. It stores calcium ions

Vesicle

Small spherical sac membrane-bound surrounded by lipid bilayers transporting materials in cells and formed by budding off 1 cell's membrane, then encloses material to be transported and pockets off to form a vesicle.

They can be formed by the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, or plasma membrane. They are involved in various cellular processes such as secretion, exocytosis, endocytosis, and intracellular transport of proteins and lipids.

Vesicle does secretion, involved in many diseases like cancer and transports many molecules, like proteins, lipids, and other small molecules.

There are many different types of vesicles in cells. 1 important type is synaptic vesicle, found in neurons and used to transport neurotransmitters between neurons.

Another type, the endosome, that's involved in sorting and transporting materials in the cell.

Compartment: structure's separate section/container in certain items are kept separate from others.

Nucleoplasm

Aka KaryoplasmNucleus's substance

Golgi apparatus

Aka Golgi complex, Golgi body or Golgi

Organelle looking like a layer of lines called cisternae, and has 2 end, the cis end (receives molecules to be packaged) and trans end (shipes them out). Its purpose is to modify package and ship molecules to various places of the cell.

5-8 flat and line-shaped organelle looking like a stack of deflated balloons.

Prepares proteins and Responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids that are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for transport to their final destinations.

It's discovered and named after Italian physician Camillo Golgi in 1898.

Peroxisome

Membrane-bound looking like small rounded found free-floating around in eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm. They contain at least 50 enzymes and involved in various metabolic processes, including fatty acids' breakdown and the detoxification of harmful substances. Like vesicles, they're separated by bilayer lipids barrier from the cytoplasm

Peroxisomes contain enzymes catalyzing reactions involved in this process, like catalase, breaking down hydrogen peroxide.

Polyribosome

Aka polysomes

Organelle forms when multiple ribosomes bind to a single mRNA molecule at different locations along its length. As each ribosome moves along the mRNA, that simultaneously translating on mRNA molecule into amino acid chain. They're composed of many ribosomes simultaneously translating 1 mRNA molecule into polypeptide chain. They're found in eukaryotic cells' cytoplasm and involved in protein synthesis' process.

Lysosome

Aka the "Suicide Sac"

Circle-shaped organelle found in most animal cell. They break down

food particles
proteins
lipids
carbohydrates
invading viruses

and also remove dead cells.

They Remove dead cell and contain variety of hydrolytic enzymes that can break down these molecules into their constituent parts, to be reused by cell.

Sections in the cells have enzymes to break down cellular components to be destroyed.

Organelles only Plant Cells have

Cell Wall

Only plant dells have these rigid, firm/solid porous layer surrounding their cell membranes.

It gives structural, supports and protects against mechanical stress and osmotic pressure, firm/solid porous layer outside the cell membrane.

Cell wall is divided into 2 layers: primary cell wall and secondary cell wall.

Primary cell wall is formed during cell growth and relatively thin and flexible.

The secondary cell wall is formed after the cell stopped growing and is thicker and more rigid than primary cell wall.

Chloroplasts

Plant cell's green organelles that do photosynthesis process which plants convert light energy to chemical energy.

It contain chlorophyll - pigment absorbing light energy to convert into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

These compounds are used to power the synthesis of glucose and other organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

Green structures made of stacked disks.
Trap energy from sunlight
Contain chlorophyll
Site of photosynthesis

Common Points between Animal and Plant Cells

Structurally, plant and animal cells = very similar, since they're both eukaryotic cells.
Both contain membrane-bound organelles like,
nucleus
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
lysosomes
peroxisomes.
Both also contain similar membranes, cytosol, and cytoskeletal elements.

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