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The Earth actually spin in an exact time of 23 hours and 56 minutes 4.09053 seconds not 23 hours and it's called the sidereal period,
It has a circumference is roughly 40,075 kilometers.
Atmospheric composition
Atmospheric composition
Nitrogen 78.804%
Oxygen 20.946%
Argon 0.9340%
Water vapour 0.1%
Carbon dioxide 0.039%
Neon 0.001818%
Helium 0.000524%
Methane 0.0000524%
Krypton 0.000114%
Hydrogen 0.000055%
Nitrous oxide 0.00003%
Carbon monoxide 0.00001%
Cloud-free Earth map based on a composite of thousands of images from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on the NOAATIROS polar-orbiting weather satellites.
Earth's strong magnetic field produces spectacular light shows called aurorae, around the North and South magnetic poles.
Image of the whole Earth from space, taken by Apollo 17 crew on their way to Moon.
Mauna Loa on Hawaii's big island is the Earth's largest volcano,rising 9,700 meters from the floor for the Pacific Ocean. It's just one in chain of volcanic peaks spread across the Pacific crustalplate as it moves over a hotspot in Earth's mantle.
Intense storms arise per summer on Earth's ocean. One among these is the Hurricane Lili was the deadliest storm of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season. 15 death.
Water
Water
The Earth is unique due to being at a distance where water could exist, occupying 70% of Earth. It's theorized that most of Earth's water was carried by comets that struck Earth in its youth.
Earth had many ice age phases in the past, caused by its orbit and axial tilt, called "Milankovitch cycles". Since a frozen planet reflects solar heat into space, it's unknown as to how Earth melted again, after its "Snow Ball" phase, roughly 650 million years prior.
Pangaea
Pangaea
Alfred Wegener noticed that the coastlines of Africa and South America would fit together like puzzles. Although he never saw his triumph of his idea of the "continental drift", due to his death on a field trip in Greenland.
The Earth's lithosphere floats on molten magma. There are two types of lithosphere: "oceanic crust,", being thin and dense, thick and light so floats higher.
Crucially, the lithosphere is broken up into pieces called "plates". When 2 continental plates collide, the crust buckles up into mountains like the Himalayas.
Where plates pull apart at mid-ocean ridges, lava wells up to fill the gap, creating crusts.
mid-ocean ridges:
Today a new ocean is being formed as Afar and Ethiopia in Africa are pulling apart.
The driving force of plate tectonics id hot magma rising and cool magma sinking in the Earth. Earth's surface is one of the mot active surface in the Solar System, rocks being laid down,tilted, folded, and uplifted by compressuive force.
Atmosphere
Atmosphere
Earth's atmosphere is energized by solar heat. Variations in the sunlight falling each hemisphere as the Earth orbits is what create seasons. Its axis points at 23.5° to the vertical hemisphere, therefore, when the northern hemisphere is faced to the Sun, (summer), the southern hemisphere tilts away (winter), and vice versa. On Earth, air travelling poleward from the fast-spinning equator moves faster than the ground below. From the surface, it seems deflected eastward. The Coriolis force explains the direction of trade winds near the equator.
Life
Life
All Earth's life use common biochemical machinery from a molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid, A.K.A. DNA. Charles Darwin's genius was to realize that all organisms evolved from a single ancient ancestor. Those with the traits necessary to survive and produce the most offspring have proliferated. By this process of "natural selection", organisms have gradually morphed, creating a bewildering array of species. According to fossil evidence, life arose right away as the Earth was cool enough, roughly 3.8 million years prior. But in the laboratory, experts failed to create life from nonlife, implying it's challenging. A controversial explanation is that Eatrh was seeded by ready-made microorganisms, carried inside impacting comets.
Umbrella
Umbrella
The Greenhouse effect and Earth's magnetic force are the "umbrellas" protecting life on Earth's surface from space.
If Earth's average temperature was -18°C, it's the temperature Earth would have without the greenhouse effect.
Crucially, visible sunlight is hardly absorbed by the atmosphere (23% of it) and passes through for the ground to absorb 48 % of it, as why the Sun can be seen.
The ground then radiates the heat as invisible "far infrared", light.
Proving the Earth is round
Proving the Earth is round
Ships at sea disappear over the horizon before they dwindle to a speck. A flat Earth would not be so. During a lunear eclipse, the Earth's shadow on the moon is curved when the Earth passes between the Sun and Moon.
In Gravitational and Cosmology, Steven Weinberge uses the relationships of Earth's location to deduce of
Eratosthenes in 240 BC made the first estimate of the Earth' size. He noticed that at noon, a vertical pillar cast no shadow as the Sun was overhead, whereas the shadow of a pillar at Alexandra showed the Sun about 7 degree from the vertical. Knowing the separation the locations and that 7 degree is about 1/5 of a circle, he calculated the Earth's circumference and its diameter. His 7,800 miles is 100 miles short of today's value.
Earth isn't a perfect sphere. At its equator, the ground is rotating at about 1,700 km/hour, causing Earth's waistline to bulge.
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