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The senses of smell and taste are often referred to together as the chemosensory system, due to giving the brain information of objects' chemical composition.
Human skulls lack noses because they're made of cartilage and soft tissues, making them decompose faster than bones.
Olfactory System
Olfactory System
The Olfactory System/Sense of smell is the sensory system for smelling and is one of the special senses that is associated with some organs.
Most mammals have these.
It senses airborne substances.
The accessory system senses fluid-phase stimuli.
Airborne substance: Any material in the air that can be moved by air. It can take many forms, like solid or particles.
Whales' blowhole are similar to human noses. In baleen whales, they're in pairs not single, homologous to other mammales.
Homologous: Similar.
Standard Anatomical Position
Standard Anatomical Position
The Anatomical Position is the standardized position of the human body to clearly describe the parts and structures of the body, displaying every parts clear:
The body standing lean
Facing forward
Each arm on both body's side
Palms facing forward
The parallel legs facing forward.
Vitruvian Man is based on the architectual treatise "De Architectura" or "Ten Books on Architecture" by Roman architect Vitruvius.
Da Vinci added his observation to the human body to this and deemed that the whole universe is in it.
It's said that the ratio of the circle's radius to the square's side length is given by the golden ratio, 1.618.
It was estimated at 0.606 ∼ 0.609, which is smaller than 0.618, the reciprocal of the golden ratio.
The Golden Ratio, 1.618, or denoted by the Greek letter phi Φ, is a mathematical concept representing a specific ratio, equaling around to 1.618, often found in many art forms, like architecture, nature, or aesthetics.
Reciprocal: A number divded by 1.For instance, the reciprocal of 'a' is a/1.
Translated from Latin, the text above says:
"Vitruvius, the architect, says in his architectural work that the measurements of man are in nature distributed in this manner, that is 4 fingers make a palm, 4 palms make a foot, 6 palms make a cubit, 4 cubits make a man, 4 cubits make a footstep, 24 palms make a man and these measures are in his buildings. If you open your legs enough that your head is lowered by 1/14 of your height and raise your arms enough that your extended fingers touch the line of the top of your head, let you know that the center of the ends of the open limbs will be the navel, and the space between the legs will be an equilateral triangle"
The text below is written:
from above the chest to the top of the head is one-sixth of the height of a man
from above the chest to the hairline is one-seventh of the height of a man
the maximum width of the shoulders is a quarter of the height of a man
from the breasts to the top of the head is a quarter of the height of a man
the distance from the elbow to the tip of the hand is a quarter of the height of a man
the distance from the elbow to the armpit is one-eighth of the height of a man
the length of the hand is one-tenth of the height of a man
the root of the penis is at half the height of a man
from below the foot to below the knee is a quarter of the height of a man
from below the knee to the root of the penis is a quarter of the height of a man
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