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There are 100 trillion trees on Earth, more than the 100 billion stars in our Solar System.
Our galaxy is a huge collection of stars, planets, gas, dark matter, etc, with almost nothing around.
There are 100 billion of galaxies like ours, each far from each and billions of stars a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way. The sun orbits the center of the Galaxy at a distance of about 26,000 light-years in a "spiral arm" snaking out from the central bulge of stars, halfway to the outer edge. The Milky Way is one of the billions of galaxies in the Obervable Universe. The universe's edge is the light horizon are other unseen galaxies. Both the universe and Solar System haven't existed forever.
There are 100 trillion trees on Earth, more than the 100 billion stars in our Solar System.
Our galaxy is a huge collection of stars, planets, gas, dark matter, etc, with almost nothing around.
There are 100 billion of galaxies like ours, each far from each and billions of stars a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way. The sun orbits the center of the Galaxy at a distance of about 26,000 light-years in a "spiral arm" snaking out from the central bulge of stars, halfway to the outer edge. The Milky Way is one of the billions of galaxies in the Obervable Universe. The universe's edge is the light horizon are other unseen galaxies. Both the universe and Solar System haven't existed forever.
Astronauts
Astronauts
Astronauts face many hazards. They must carry an air supply. Their suit is heated as the vacuum is cold, with so few molecules, but the suits also need capacities to be cooled since there is no air to carry away surplus heat and an astronaut,caught in direct sunlight, risks over-heating.
How planets moves
How planets moves
The Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus realized that the planets go around the Sun rather than Earth. The German Johannes Kepler later deduced from a detailed analysis of observations that those orbits weren't circles as many believed but ellipses. Newton's genius was to realize that each mass is attracted to every other mass. By comparing the effect of this "universal force" on a falling apple and on the moon Newton realized, was also falling in a circle-he deduced that this force of "gravity" weakened with an inverse-square-law. So if 2 masses were moved twice as far apart, the force between them became four times weaker; three time as far apart, nine time weaker. Crucially Newton proved that the path a planet gripped by a force obeying an inverse-square-law force is an ellipse (This isn't completely true. If a body were boosted ever ever faster to would eventually escape, following a hyperbolic obit.
The peculiar thing about Mercyry is that even if the pll of the other planets were to be magically removed, its orbit would still trace out a rosette. This baffled everyone, until it was explained by Einstein.
Photo by Japanese satellite "Hinode" showing Mercury entering the Sun's disc.
This is what happens when a space probe is launched into interplanetary space from the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle.) Planet don't orbit in perfect ellipses as they are tugged gently by the gravity of other planets, causing their orbits to slowly change their orientation so they trace out a rosette. It's a tiny effect.
According to Einstein, all forms of energy hav mass-heat energy, light energy, the soud energy in your voice. Thus crucially, gravitational energy has mass too. Like all mass
Einstein's theory
Einstein's theory
Accordingly, Einstein states all energy forms have mass, like heat, light, and sound from our voice, and gravitational energy. The effect is tiny and appreciable only where gravity is strong-like near the Sun and Mercury is near the Sun. Consequently, it experiences slightly stronger gravity than Newton predicted. As it's only under the influence of an inverse-square law force that a planet traces out an ellipse, Mercury should be moving in a bit different way.
Einstein predicted that Mercury's orbit should process, tracing out a rosette repeating about once every 3 million years, which is proven to be true. Einstein was triumpant.
triumphant: prosperity/experiencing sucess
Newton's has reigned for centuries was proven wrong.
Mercury confirmed Einstein's theory of gravity, the general theory of relativity, published in the early 1900s. His theory was bolstered by the bending of starlight near the SUn during the 1919 total eclipse. His theory states that gravity is no longer seen as a "force" but a warpage of unseen 4-d space-time. "matter tells space how tocurce, and curved spacetells matter how to move."
It uses the idea of maximum cosmic speed, of light. Since gravity, like light, takes about 8 minutes to travel from the Sun, it would be 8 minutes without the Sun
Einstein's theory also predicts that black holes exist, the Big Bang, and maybe even time machines.
Solar System
Solar System
Neptune
Uranus
Saturn
Jupiter
Mars
Earth
Venus
Mercury
Sun
The scale of the universe
The scale of the universe
Moon -> planet -> star -> galaxy
Qualification of Planets
Qualification of Planets
(only in our solar system)
Orbit the Sun
Be (roughly) round
Cleared ou its neighborhood.
Discovered 1930, Pluto was the 9th planet and was different.
In 2005, Eris, an object in the Kuiper belt is found. It was 20% larger with larger ones already found.
Between adding more planets or demoting Pluto, scientists removed Pluto as a planet for the new qualification of planets.
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