I. Introduction
Now, Japan is at switching position in economy. Because Artificial Intelligence has dramatically developed, we are apprehensive of coming the future that human is no use. And the leap of developing countries, such as Southeast Asia, intimidates the high position as developed countries. Therefore, it is now when we have to pick up what is precious as human. What is the value of human itself means becoming a talent with respective merits. we should build up our sure conviction and show our own creative identity. From starting the world of the sexual equality, now in Japan, Equal Employment Opportunity Law established in 1985. However, compared with Europe and America, the existing condition is under way for sexual equality. So, I want to think about why the situation don’t go well and what sexual equality in society is.
II. Abstract
In this report, I will show in the first half I mention the remedy and action after I analyze the social atmosphere and problem after the war in Japan. Next, some doctrines show that the presence of mother take important role of child development, and for working mothers, there are some supports society can do, according to examples. In the last half, I show that the promotion depends on individual ability from the point of Human Capital Theory, and so I claim that sexuality, being women, is not relation to obstacle of promotion.
III. The Result of My Research in the First Semester: The Social Position of Women in Japan
From the standpoint that there is a climate of male of male chauvinism in Japan, I tried to think about what is an obstacle for developing the social position of women.
From the historical thinking：female role and social position after the war
I researched the family shape after the war in Japan because it is the family style strongly rooted in modern society before the trend of sexual equality expands. Men work outside home, and have the power in family as the head of the household. Women take role of housework and protect their house, with caring children. A word is left till now as the relational composition expresses, which fathers are called as 亭主,and mothers are called as 家内. And, “male chauvinism”（男尊女卑）is showed the social atmosphere where men establish supremacy to women. And, another aspect of this chauvinism is that women should respect men at any time. From these words, I think that there are some reasonable reasons why women are given cold treatments over men in any societies.
On child-care leave, the system difference and the reality of acquisition between public servant and official workers
There is a problem of child-caring as a concern for the female workers in business world. I researched the gap of the term and treatment between public servant and official workers on what is generally called as child-care leave. Focusing on the term, public servant can take three years off, on the other hand, office worker can only one year off. But, comparing with the allowance, office worker can get higher percentage. However each item has differences, either are given enough treatment. On assurance systems, I couldn't find some big gap, so the problem lies in the surrounding.
http://work-mother.com/childcareleave/publicservant/
The reason is why government offices under the law, which means that they positively accept child care leave application. However, private company should regard the task very important, so female workers mistakenly recognize that their applications is willingly good from the atmosphere in office. In conclusion, the difference is the positive attitude.
How are female careers viewed in offices?
There are some negative thoughts in company and problems in the will of female workers. These are the reasons why female workers are not promoted as much as men.
Negative thoughts in office
① the president
reasons ・women will quit their job in short-span.
For example : retirement after marriage(寿退社)
・the fewer opportunity and system to show their will of high motivation and ability.
② male workers - they don’t regard women’s promotion as good because of jealousy from the superiority.
③ female workers ・low motivation
・few number⇒ serious situation
As an analysis on the present situation, I showed that presidents, men and female workers have negative thoughts on women’s promotion. I felt the result occurs in the society which male chauvinism stays.
⇒wiping away the role consciousness on sexual differences is needed.
In company the reformation of personnel system is required. For example, high clear personnel section and the system of managing goals. Managers who should take first leadership need the will till the end. I think taking action of long-term and short-term at once time is good because there are goal to eventually accomplish and aim to solve at step-by-step, both targets has complex relation.
Long-term construction: the personnel systems which abolishes the sexual gap of treatments, and the workplace surroundings to easily work
Short-term construction: the priority measure, for example office clerk appointment system
Low motivation of female workers
①few educational training
② they don’t know how to brush up themselves
③ they lack educational consciousness
④ few desire and proposition for promotion and education
⇒・encouraging the attendance of study and training, and class
・urging the responsibility and motivation on contribution
・personal educational program
From that reasons, because the number of women workers for promotion is fewer, I think there is the vicious cycle that whole women workers in office has high motivation for promotion. I think the atmosphere itself is strongly rooted in the sexual role. For sweeping away the thinking, companies need the measure which works in women workers directly and indirectly.
Why female workers think about promotion negatively?
①low confidence
②role model is few
③the long working all the time sounds bad
⇒challenging one after another negative reason
It is important how companies can get rid of the concept, manager is long time work. Companies need the support system as a whole company, for example, it is requested to show the strong will to improve and to encourage female workers to make friends for aiming at management.
・「女性の活躍躍進に向けた新たな法的枠組みの構築について（報告）」
http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-12602000-Seisakutoukatsukan-Sanjikanshitsu_Roudouseisakutantou/shiryou.pdf
・「『女性が輝く日本』の実現に向けて」
http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/keizaisaisei/bunka/koyou/dai7/siryou3-2.pdf
Positive action
What is Positive action?
There is something activity as Positive Action, which try to remove the realistic gap between men and women workers. This activity is focused nowadays on the measure of sweeping off the sexual role consciousness.
The problem: The differential between the men and women isn't recognized.
The active point and the purpose aren't understood.
It isn't understood that the women worker is the part of the fighting force.
Promotion is too partial in proprietor's personal judgment.
For example
A company (service industry, management of cars and caring children)
The president promoted female workers, who came back to office after child care leave, and encouraged them to take short-time working system because they can go together office work with family. However the president offer them to do responsible work and junior workers’ education. As a result, the rate of female chief manager increased from 25% to 36.4%. As a whole company, the ratio of well-established of female workers increased, and the scale of company itself expanded. The reason is, I presume, the experienced female workers stays at their company and contribute to expand the scale of work. As multiplier effect, they communicate positively for sharing annoyance of bearing and caring child and as advisors for junior female workers.
http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/koyoukintou/2012/02/dl/15-01-15.pdf
Does the mother being engaged in work influence the child's growth?
In modern society, there are many family, where father and mother work at office. I am interested in the question whether leaving from children influenced in child development or not. So, I researched on spirit developmental science because the right of child care leaving is believed in a sense, but I questioned there is the right by theory.
ルネ・A・スピッツ「母‐子の成り立ち」（Rene. A. Spitz “mother-child’s structure”）
Children should avoid the long-term leave from their mother in the term from six-month-old to 18-month old, and in that span, they need mother or kind surrogate mother. The surroundings of newborn baby are composed of only a person, him/her mother or kind surrogate mother. The emotional interaction from this relationship has to do with the development of personality and psychological function, the ability of perception and language, and autonomy. And so, it is indispensable for one’s development as a human. This surrounding is expressed as Anaclitic, to lean. Anaclitic is of, relating to, or characterized by the direction of love toward an object (such as the mother) that satisfies nonsexual needs (such as hunger).
ハリー・F・ロウ 「アカゲザルの母性剥奪と愛着の形成」(Harry F Raw ”Motherhood deprivation and formation of love of a rhesus monkey”)
Four stages on the Formation of affection
①between baby and mother
②between friends
③between man and woman
④between mother as a parent and baby
This each a sequence of development stage will be begun by a process and the thing which is delayed, isn't and passes, and it's imago with the matured sociality.
A mother takes child-care leave aggressively for a child according to a research result of 2 people, and I find out that the period I have to concentrate on child rearing when exists. But the occasion and the existence of the mother mandatary who has a child in the side I have to do are needed as a real problem, it's indispensable. To prepare a kind mother mandatary while working has become difficult so that a waiting child problem of a nursery school and a kindergarten may be seen in recent years.
An example by work applications
There is a wrestling company in order to create the environment that a female employee tends to work. The example is introduced. This company made the inside of the company nursery space and made the system to take care of female employee's child. Thanks to this system, women workers can concentrate on work surely because the female employee who is a mother can run immediately when there is time. Child care staff is employed from outside as the part of the arrangement.
28th,March,2014 meeting to create ”a society in which women shine”
Male leaders in Japanese company who have already been involved in promoting an active role of women in their organization were invited to discuss the role of male leaders in Japan at official residence.
・the development of woman business goods
女性のビジネス商品の充実化
・the use of unique idea by women managers, ”management of sustainability”
女性管理職の雇用
・for the women have children, short-time regular employee system
短時間勤務制導入
・The Japan Women’s Business Network established, in order to share their experiences and troubles
JWBN設立
・Encouraging Male Participation in housework and childcare
男性の育休の奨励
http://www.gender.go.jp/english_contents/mge/declaration/index.html
Human Capital theory
Though I stand as a gender-equal point of view from here and pay attention to each ability difference, it's studied what for self-enrichment. Promotion has strong relation with education and experiences by the above sentences, and so I think the promotion depends on individual ability and has no relation with sexual matter.
Introduction
I found out in cycle 1 that the gap of managers between men and women depends on the human capital (人的資本). Managerial posts need the ability of employee himself, and the quality and quantity of business education and training. Now if social communities support female workers in various ways, the employees would have to develop themselves. I explain what people think about human capital and what is needed from two approaches, which are the first scholar and later famed one. At the next, I will explain what is Human Capital Management. At first, I thought the situation of sexual in-equality produces minority people. But, if it is no use of thinking sexual distinction, all people should develop themselves.
Adam Smith –Human Capital Theory- (the first model)
I explain the human capital as the original form by Adam Smith, who established the many theory on economics. Human Capital is the explanation of wage differentials by net (dis) advantages. Given other things being equal, personal incomes vary according to the amount of investment in human capital, that is, the education and training. He predicted that these would lead to a further expectation, which widespread investment in human capital creates in the labor base indispensability for economic growth.
Human Capital itself arise out of any activity able to raise individual worker productivity. For workers, companies need to do two things: investment in human capital and comparing future income with consumption streams. In exchange for that, there are two problems, higher present training costs and deferred consumption. But the company would accept some returns that on societal investment may be calculated in analogous way.
However, not all investments in education guarantee an advance in productivity as judged. In particular, there is the problem of measuring worker productivity and the future income attached to career openings.
Point: We can enhance our human capital by the education and experience, without the sexual distinction. One employee need higher productivity.
I want to claim that being woman is fundamentally different with the good job worker and the promotion.
Gary S. Becker- Human Capital Theory-(more analyzing model)
I show the Gary’s model, who take Adam Smith’s stream to more analysis theory in 20 centuries.
Gary S. Becker suggested Human Capital is education, training, and medical care because people cannot be separated from their knowledge, skills, health, or values in the way they can be separated from their financial and physical assets.
On education, he pointed out “regression to mean”. The enormous influence of the family would seem to imply a very close relation between the earnings, education, and occupations of parents and children. Therefore, the positive relation between the earnings of parents and children is not strong, but the relation between the years of schooling of parents and their children is stronger. It show that it is not absolutely economic problem in each house that guess domestic investment. And, the increasing reliance of industry on sophisticated knowledge greatly enhances the value of education, technical schooling, on-the-job training, and other human capital.
The benefit to economic growth
He also analyzed the relation between human capital and Economic Growth. Economic Growth closely depends on the synergies(相乗効果) between new knowledge and human capital, which is why large increases in education and training have accompanied major advances in technological knowledge in all countries that have achieved significant ones.
Human Capital Management
Meaning and Important Concept
Human Capital Management is defined as the process of acquiring, training, managing, retaining employees for them to contribute effectively in the processes of organization. For simpler example, upgrading the existing skills of an employee and extracting the best out of him/her.
How to drive
Key words are Leadership Practices, Employee Engagement, Knowledge Accessibility, Workforce Optimization, Learning Capacity. In the present, it is getting natural to focus on the high quality of women, because of expanding the thought of sexual equality. At first half, from the point of sexual in-equality, I thought about supporting system the government and social communities can take on. At the last half, from the point of sexual equality, I look through the ability and efforts which workers need in the managerial posts.
http://managementstudyguide.com/human-capital-management.htm
IV. Conclusion
In modern society, from the expanding the thinking of gender equality, Japanese government and company take various actions. It has passed 30 years from the establishment of the law, the Equal Employment Opportunity Law, so the result should be under the surface. From now on, the issue is sweeping away the atmosphere of sexual role consciousness. As some theories show, enhancing human capital is shortcut way for promotion, regardless of sexual differences fundamentally. The number of female leaders increased, such as Koike Yuriko. The realistic cause of this problem lies in thinking of Japanese
people.
V. References
Working Mother/ワーキングマザー 知りたい！公務員の育休事情、公務員は育児休暇でも優遇？！〜公務員の育休事情〜
「女性の活躍躍進に向けた新たな法的枠組みの構築について（報告）」労働政策審議会雇用均等分科会
積積極的に女性管理職の登用を図りたいのだが、どうすれば良いか。