Day 4 Body Structures

Quiz on Classification

In order to understand the evolution of complexity in organisms we will spend some time talking about body structure

Lets learn the parts...

Animal Body Structures

Tissue

Animal tissues are classified into 4 types

-Epithelial

-Connective

-Muscle

-Nervous

-Epithelial Tissue is basically any tissue that covers something or lines something

-Ex: Skin or stomach lining

-Connective Tissue supports and binds things together

-There are four major types of connective tissue

-Adipose Tissue - a type of loose connective tissue that stores lipids. Known as fat

-Cartilage - A hard yet flexible tissue used for support

-Like human ears or the whole skeleton of a shark

-Bone Cells - Made of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate making it very hard

-Blood - a connective tissue in which fluid called plasma suspends special cells (blood cells)

-Muscle Tissue allows movement

-There are three kinds of muscle tissue

-Skeletal muscles are the ones associated with movement

-Smooth muscle has a turning motion. It is the type that moves food around and expands the bladder

-Cardiac muscles cause the heart beat

-Nervous tissue is for communication

-There are lots of types

-Neurons - Impulse conducting

-Neuroglia - Protection, support, and nourishment

-Peripheral glial cells - Form sheaths to protect the peripheral nervous system

Organ systems

Integumentary system

Skin, hair, nails

Nervous system

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Endocrine system

Hormone-secreting glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenals)

Skeletal system

Bones, cartilages

Muscular system

Skeletal muscles

Circulatory system

Heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels

Immune system

Bone marrow, lymphoid organs

Respiratory system

Lungs, Airways

Urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, urethra

Digestive system

Mouth, stomach, intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Reproductive system

Gonads, external genitalia, associated glans and ducts

Assignment:

Sign up for an organ system. Once you pick your system you need to pick an animal. By yourself or with your partner you are going to draw and diagram that system in that animal in your sketchbook. You will also describe how that system works in that animal. You need to explain what each organ in that system does. Everyone in your group needs to have the work in their sketchbook. You will present to the class together as a group next week. You cannot have the same animal as anyone else, including the other classes. This is worth 25 points.

Body symmetry

Animals come in three different types of symmetry

-Asymmetry - Has no symmetry like sea sponges

-Bilateral symmetry - The animals can be divided into right and left mirror images like humans

-Radial symmetry - The animal can be divided in anyway along the aboral oral axis and make a mirror image like sea jellies

Terms of direction

When doing dissections or describing animals we use terms of directions. Sometimes animals do not have heads, a mouth, a front, or a back, so describing them can be difficult without knowing the terms of direction.

Aboral - The end opposite the mouth

Oral - The end containing the mouth

Anterior - The head end

Posterior - The tail end

Caudal - Toward the tail

Cephalic - Toward the head

Distal - Away from the point of attachment (Toes are distal to the knee)

Proximal - Toward the point of attachment (The hip is proximal to the knee)

Dorsal - The back of an animal

Ventral - The belly or underside of an animal

Inferior - Below a point

Superior - Above a point

Lateral - Away from the plane that divides a bilateral animal into a mirror image

Medial (Median) - On or near the plane that divides a bilateral animal into a mirror image

Assignment:

Draw or print a picture of an animal, any animal, and in your sketchbook draw with arrows and circles these terms of direction:

Aboral - The end opposite the mouth

Oral - The end containing the mouth

Anterior - The head end

Posterior - The tail end

Caudal - Toward the tail

Cephalic - Toward the head

Dorsal - The back of an animal

Ventral - The belly or underside of an animal

Metabolism and body temperature

Energy

-Energy is the ability to do work

-You need calories to do work!

-When we talk about the energy in vs. the energy lost we call this an energy budget

Temperature

-Animals have a tolerance range for temperature

-If an animal creates their own temperature through metabolism then they are called endothermic (Warm Blooded)

-If an animal relies on its outside environment for temperature then it is ectothermic (Cold Blooded)

If you are endothermic you have a higher metabolism. You have to constantly burn calories to keep a constant body temperature

If you are ectothermic you have a much slower metabolism. It is not necessary to eat as many calories

-This is why reptiles can go months without eating but a mammal needs to eat every day

Endothermic vs Ectothermic

Watch this video on Endothermic and Ectothermic. Create a box in your sketchbook or section, title it "Endothermic Vs. Ectothermic" and take notes, write down definitions, examples, and questions you might have. Include a picture that represents the topic.

-If conditions are below an animals tolerance range for temperature or food they can slow down their metabolism

-Torpor- is a time of decreased metabolic rate. Could happen on a daily basis at a certain time. Example bats and humming birds

-Hibernation- Is a long period of decreased thermoregulation. True hibernators are small like bats or rodents. It can last weeks or months. Their thermoregulation can be set at 20C

-Winter Sleep- Sleeping for long periods of time to avoid burning calories. Bears do not hibernate. A bear needs a very large fat reserve because metabolism is not slowed very much during winter sleep. A bear wakes up from a winter sleep very quickly.

-Aestivation- Is a period of inactivity to avoid drying out during dry periods