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Proteins
Proteins
-A monomer of protein (one piece of a protein) is called an amino acid
-The polymer of a protein (Two or more amino acids joined together) is simply called a protein
-Amino acids bond together with what is called a peptide bond
-Because of this sometimes a chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide
(A short chain is called a peptide, a chain of 50 or more is called a polypeptide)
-A chain of amino acids can also bond to the top or bottom of another chain forming layers
-This type of bond is called a disulfide bond
-Proteins can have up to four levels of structure
-Primary Structure is one chain of protein
-Secondary Structure is a chain that is folded into a helix
-Tertiary Structure is when the protein chain folds
-Quaternary Structure when multiple tertiary structures bond to each other
Watch this video on protein shape. Take notes and make sure you fully understand the importance of protein shapes.
-The shape of a protein is what determines its purpose or function
-If a protein's shape is changed it can no longer function properly
-Changing a protein's shape is known as denaturing
Because the shape of a protein is so important for its function, denaturing proteins will kill an organism.
Ways to denature a protein
-Heat will denature a protein
-pH will also denature a protein
Student Activity:
Use your computer to look up who Louis Pasteur was.
Questions:
What is pasteurization and how does it work?
What does pasteurization have to do with what we are currently learning?
What foods do we currently pasteurize?
What is the difference between pasteurized milk and non-pasteurized milk?
Protein functions:
Protein functions:
-Structural
-Keritin
-Proteins are used for structures like finger nails, hair, horns, or silk
-Movement
-Actin and myosin
-Found in muscles for contraction
-Defense
-Anti-venoms and anibodies are proteins that neutralize toxins
-Signaling
-Insulin
-Secreted by the pancreas to promote glucose uptake
-Storage
-Albumin
-In egg whites to store nutrition for the embryo
-Catalyzing reactions
-All enzymes
Psychedelic Milk Demonstration
Milk contains salts and sugars dissolved in water as well as small globs of fat and proteins that are suspended in the water. These fat globs are hydrophobic, which means they cannot dissolve in the water. The detergent added to the pan has molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends. This means that it is able to lower the surface tension of the water, which is approximately 87% of milk. The hydrophobic ends of the detergent molecules try to surround the fat globules in the milk, causing movement of the milk at the molecular level this re-orientation of the different phases of the milk cause the swirling effect we notice when the colors in the milk begin to mix. The movement stops when the re-organization has place most particles in a lowest energy arrangement.
Amino Acids are composed of an amino group, a hydrogen group, a carboxylic acid group, and a variable R group. The variable R is what makes all the amino acids different.
Extra discussion: What is "mad cow disease and what is a prion?
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
-A nucleotide is a molecule that is made of three parts:
-A 5 carbon sugar
-A Phosphate group
-A Nitrogen base
-A nucleotide is a monomer
-Two or more nucleotides bonded together is a nucleic Acid (Polymer)
DNA is a Nucleic Acid
-There is a chain of nucleotides bonded together to make DNA
Watch this video on Nucleic Acids. Take notes and make sure you fully understand what a Nucleic Acid is.
Homework:
Macromolecule Book
Make a book with all the information for the 4 macromulecules
-There should at least be one page for each
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Proteins
-Nucleotides/ Nucleic Acids
-In your book you should include
-A drawing of the chemical structure of the monomer
-A drawing of a polymer
-Some examples from each group
-and your notes from our daily notes and videos for each macromolecule.
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