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Class Mammalia (5,400 Species)

Mammalia Characteristics

    -All mammals have mammary glands which they use to feed their young milk

    -Sweat

    -Scent glands

    -Four chambered heart

    -The skin of mammals is thick and protective

    -Mammals have an insulating covering of hair

    -Adaptations in teeth allow mammals to explore a wide variety of food

    -Efficient systems for circulation and gas exchange support the high metabolic rate associated with mammalian endothermy

        -Mammal blood does not have nuclei so it can fit through small capillaries and reach more parts of the body

    -Expanded cerebral cortex that processes information from various sensory structures

    -Metanephritic kidneys allow urea excretion with out much water loss

    -Complex behavioral patterns enhance mammalian survival

    -Most mammals are viviparous for internal fertilization and fetus development

    -Mammals have ear bones that allow for enhanced hearing

    -The most intelligent animal on the planet is a mammal

    -Live in every possible type of habitat and all over the world

Groups of Mammalia

    Subclass Prototheria (First Beasts)

        -Are oviparous (Lay eggs)

        -Have Clobaca

    Infraclass Ornithodelphia

            -The monotremes

            -All live in Australia

            -The only extant egg laying mammals

Duckbill Platypus

The Echidna

    Subclass Theria (Beasts)

        Infraclass Metatheria

            -Viviparous

            -Primitive placenta

            -Young are born early and then carried in a pouch that contains the nipples

            -The Marsupials

Koala

Kangaroo

Opossum

        Infraclass Eutheria

            -Complex placenta

            -Young develop to advanced stage before being born

            -The Placentals

            -Order Insectivora

                -Small primitive mammals

                -Hedgehogs, tenrecs, moles, shrews

Hedgehog

Mole

       Order Chiroptera

                -Cosmopolitan, but especially abundant in the tropics

                -Bones of the arm and hand are elongate and slender

                -Flight membranes extend from the body between digits of forelimbs to the hindlimbs

                -Most are insectivores but some are fruit eaters, fish eaters, and blood feeders

                -The bats

Flying Fox

California Bat

Whispering Bats

       Order Carnivora

                -Predatory mammals

                -Usually have a highly developed sense of smell and a large braincase

                -Canine teeth well developed

                -Dogs, cats, bears, raccoons, minks, foxes, sea lions, seals, walruses, otters

Bear

Mink

Raccoons

       Order Perissodactyla

                -Hoofed

                -Axis of support passes through the third digit (their hoof is their middle finger)

                -Skull usually elongated

                -Primarily grazers

                -Horses, rhinoceroses, zebras, tapirs

Rhino

Zebra

        Order Artiodactyla

                -Hoofed

                -Axis of support passes between third and fourth digit (their hooves are both their middle and fourth finger)

                -Grazers (Except pigs)

                -Pigs, hippopotamuses, camels, antelope, deer, sheep, giraffes, cattle

Hippo

Deer

       Order Cetacea

                -Streamlined, nearly hairless, and insulated by thick layers of fat

                -Forelimbs modified into flippers

                -Blowhole on top of skull

                -Toothed whales and toothless whales

Dolphin

Orca

       Order Xenarthra

                -Incisors and canines absent

                -Hindfoot has four toes

                -Forelimb has three or two toes with large claws

                -Anteaters, tree sloths, armadillos

Anteater

Tree Sloth

       Order Lagomorpha

                -Two pairs of upper incisors

                -One pair of lower incisors

                -Incisors do not stop growing

                -Rabbits and pikas

Rabbit

Pika

       Order Rodentia

                -One pair of upper and lower incisors

                -Incisors do not stop growing

                -Squirrels, chipmunks, rats, mice, beavers, porcupines, woodchucks, lemmings

Beaver

Porcupine

Flying Squirrel

       Order Primates

                -Agility in arboreal habitats

                -Omnivorous diets

                -Specialized teeth

                -Grasping digits

                -Freely moving limbs

                -Nails on digits

                -Reduced nasal cavity

                -Enlarged stereoscopic eyes and cerebral hemispheres

                -Lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, gibbons, great apes

Lemurs

Capuchin Monkey

Gorilla

Human

       Order Proboscidea

                -Long muscular proboscis (trunk)

                -Tusks

                -Elephants

Elephant

       Order Sirenia

                -Large aquatic herbivores

                -Forelimbs are flippers

                -Hindlimbs are vestigial

                -Manatees and dugongs

Manatee

These last two orders of mammals are very small, only containing a few species

   Order Pholidota

            -Large hard scales that cover the body

            -Can roll up for protection

            -Mostly eat termites

            -Can spray a pungent acid from a gland like a skunk

            -The Pangolins

    Order Tubulidentata

            -The teeth have a structure known as tubulidentate

            -The aardvark