Day 43 Phylogeny and Taxonomy
Karl von Linne
-In the 1700's Linne also known as Carolus Linnaeus created the binomial naming system for organisms that we use today
-He gave animals a Genus and Species name (binomial name) and when animals fit with other groups based on their characteristics he placed them in an even larger Taxon
A taxon is a grouping
Taxons
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Human
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
Dog
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Canidae
Canis
familiaris
Domain is the largest of the Taxon
There are 3
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
-Bacteria and Archaea are both prokaryotes
-A Prokaryote has no nucleus and a Eukaryote has a nucleus
-All prokaryotes are single celled organisms
-Eukaryotes can be single celled or multicellular
-The single celled Eukaryotes are called Protists
There is one Kingdom of Bacteria
Eubacteria
There is one kingdom of Archaea
Euarchaea
There are 4 kingdoms of Eukaryotes
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Systematics is the process of arranging animals into groups to reflect their evolutionary relationship
-Now that DNA sequincing has become common animal systematics is constantly changing due to new DNA evidence
-Systematics uses phylogenetic trees
-A phylogenetic tree is a chart that shows the evolutionary history and as a result shows the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
-Cladistics is like phylogeny except it is based on characteristics more than evolutionary history but they end up being very similar
How to read a phylogenetic tree or a cladogram
A Clade can be as big or small as you want. The only rule is that it has to include all the descendants that come after the most recent common ancestor
Within systematics and creating phylogenetic trees there is the study of Cladistics
-Cladistics is a process of creating taxonomical groups called Clades
-A Clade is a group that shares a derived characteristic
Monophyletic vs Paraphyletic
-Monophyletic is when a clad includes all of its most recent ancestors
-Paraphyletic is missing an ancestor and is therefor not accurate
The phylogeny of the great apes