Day 44 Phylogeny

Karl von Linne

-In the 1700's Linne also known as Carolus Linnaeus created the binomial naming system for organisms that we use today

-He gave animals a Genus and Species name (binomial name) and when animals fit with other groups based on their characteristics he placed them in an even larger Taxon

A taxon is a grouping

Domain is the largest of the Taxon

There are 3

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

-Bacteria and Archaea are both prokaryotes

-A Prokaryote has no nucleus and a Eukaryote has a nucleus

-All prokaryotes are single celled organisms

-Eukaryotes can be single celled or multicellular

-The single celled Eukaryotes are called Protists

There is one Kingdom of Bacteria

Eubacteria

There is one kingdom of Archaea

Euarchaea

There are 4 kingdoms of Eukarytes

Animalia

Plantae

Fungi

Protista

Systematics is the process of arranging animals into groups to reflect their evolutionary relationship

-Now that DNA sequincing has become common animal systematics is constantly changing due to new DNA evidence

-Systematics uses phylogenetic trees

-A phylogenetic tree is a chart that shows the evolutionary history and as a result shows the evolutionary relationship between organisms.

-Cladistics is like phylogeny except it is based on characteristics more than evolutionary history but they end up being very similar

How to read a phylogenetic tree or a cladogram

A Clade can be as big or small as you want. The only rule is that it has to include all the descendants that come after the most recent common ancestor

Within systematics and creating phylogenetic trees there is the study of Cladistics

-Cladistics is a process of creating taxonomical groups called Clades

-A Clade is a group that shares a derived characteristic

Monophyletic vs Paraphyletic

-Monophyletic is when a clad includes all of its most recent ancestors

-Paraphyletic is missing an ancestor and is therefor not accurate

The phylogeny of the great apes