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Lobe Finned Fish Evolution Free Response
Biological Molecules
-Organic- is any molecule that contains a carbon atom
-Inorganic- molecules without carbon and carbon dioxide
Attached to the carbon atom in organic molecules are functional groups
The functional groups determine the characteristics of the molecule
Chart of Functional Groups
Biological molecules are macromolecules
-Macromolecules means large molecules
-Large molecules only exist because something living made them. They do not happen on their own. Macromolecules are put together and built through chemical processes by living organisms.
There are four types of macromolecules
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Proteins
-Nucleotides/nucleic acid
One piece of an organic molecule is called a monomer
-Monomer- one subunit of a biological molecule
-Polymer- a chain of monomers
-Monomers are attached to make a polymer through a process called dehydration synthesis
When two monomers are joined together they attach at the functional group Hydroxyl which is an OH. When they attach at this point they share an oxygen but they lose H2O and a water molecule falls away. This is why it is called dehydration synthesis...because it is losing a water.
-Polymers are broken apart into monomers through a process called hydrolysis
In order to attach two monomers water has to be added so the monomers can go back to having their own OH Hydroxyl functional group. Because the water is cutting the monomers apart it is called hydrolysis. Hydro means water and lysis means to cut.
Carbohydrates
The structure of a Carbohydrate is CH2O. It is a carbon (Carbo) and a water molecule (Hydrate)
-Carbohydrates are sugars.
-A complex carbohydrate is a lot of sugars strung together like starch
Sugars have their own name...they are called Saccharides
-A monosaccharide is a single sugar molecule or a monomer of carbohydrate
-A Disaccharide is 2 sugars stuck together. This is a polymer of carbohydrate
-And a Polysaccharide is more than two sugars stuck together in a chain. These are also polymers
Some examples
-Monosaccharides: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose, Deoxyribose
-Disaccharides: Sucrose (Glucose+Fructose) Lactose (Glucose+Galactose) Maltose (Glucose+Glucose)
-Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin
Lipids
Lipids are oils, fats, waxes, and steroid hormones
-lipids do not have a monomer. They are almost completely made up of hydrogen and carbon
Fats are saturated and oils are unsaturated.
-Saturated means it has all the hydrogens it can fit which causes the fat molecules to fit tightly together. This is why fats are solid at room temperature.
-Unsaturated means that the lipid is missing some hydrogens which causes the fatty acid chains to bend. Because of the bending the molecules cannot fit tightly together. This is why unsaturated fatty acids are oils at room temperature.
Psychedelic Milk Demonstration
Milk contains salts and sugars dissolved in water as well as small globs of fat and proteins that are suspended in the water. These fat globs are hydrophobic, which means they cannot dissolve in the water. The detergent added to the pan has molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends. This means that it is able to lower the surface tension of the water, which is approximately 87% of milk. The hydrophobic ends of the detergent molecules try to surround the fat globules in the milk, causing movement of the milk at the molecular level this re-orientation of the different phases of the milk cause the swirling effect we notice when the colors in the milk begin to mix. The movement stops when the re-organization has place most particles in a lowest energy arrangement.
Protein Structures
-A monomer of protein (one piece of a protein) is called an amino acid
-The polymer of a protein (Two or more amino acids joined together) is simply called a protein
Amino Acids are composed of an amino group, a hydrogen group, a carboxylic acid group, and a variable R group. The variable R is what makes all the amino acids different.
-Amino acids bond together with what is called a peptide bond
-Because of this sometimes a chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide
(A short chain is called a peptide, a chain of 50 or more is called a polypeptide)
-A chain of amino acids can also bond to the top of bottom of another chain forming layers
-This type of bond is called a disulfide bond
-Proteins can have up to four levels of structure
-Primary Structure is one chain of protein
-Secondary Structure is a chain that is folded into a helix
-Tertiary Structure is when the protein chain folds
-Quaternary Structure when multiple tertiary structures bond to each other
-The shape of a protein is what determines its purpose or function
-If a protein's shape is changed it can no longer function properly
-Changing a protein's shape is known as denaturing
Protein functions:
-Structural
-Keritin
-Proteins are used for structures like finger nails, hair, horns, or silk
-Movement
-Actin and myosin
-Found in muscles for contraction
-Defense
-Anti-venoms and anibodies are proteins that neutralize toxins
-Signaling
-Insulin
-Secreted by the pancreas to promote glucose uptake
-Storage
-Albumin
-In egg whites to store nutrition for the embryo
-Catalyzing reactions
-All enzymes
-The structure and shape of a protein is everything!
-If the shape changes the function changes or it stops functioning
-Denature
Primary Structure
-A linear chain of amino acids
Secondary Structure
-Hydrogen bonds between the polypeptide backbone cause the protein to coil
-Alpha helix- a coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid
-Alpha-keratin- hair
-Beta pleated sheet- Hydrogen bonds cause sheets to form.
-Spider silk
Tertiary Structure
-The shape of a polypeptide that results from multiple interactions between the R-Groups
-Hydrophobic interaction- Non-polar side chains end up in the middle of the structure trying to avoid the surrounding water
-Van Der Waals interactions help hold the hydrophobic interactions together
-Disulfide Bridges- Covalent bonds
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
-A nucleotide is a molecule that is made of three parts:
-A 5 carbon sugar
-A Phosphate group
-A Nitrogen base
-A nucleotide is a monomer
-Two or more nucleotides bonded together is a nucleic Acid (Polymer)
DNA is a Nucleic Acid
-There is a chain of nucleotides bonded together to make DNA
Honors Bio Carbohydrates Quiz
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