Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

PrEP: What is Needed?

User

• Centralized website/hotline for information, videos

• Navigators to link w/care

• Tools to help w/insurance, assistance

• Broad awareness/knowledge including speakers bureau

• Provider capacity and knowledge

Provider

• Training on practical implementation (inclOb/Gyn, Peds)

• Warmline for consultations

• Online tools for local implementation

• PrEP Programs

Measurement

• Uptake

• HIV infections in current/recent users

• ARV resistance

• Social harms

• HIV incidence

• STI incidence

• Cost

Pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, is a way for people who do not have HIV but who are at substantial risk of getting it to prevent HIV infection by taking a pill every day. The pill (brand name Truvada) contains two medicines (tenofovir and emtricitabine) that are used in combination with other medicines to treat HIV. When someone is exposed to HIV through sex or injection drug use, these medicines can work to keep the virus from establishing a permanent infection.

When taken consistently, PrEP has been shown to reduce the risk of HIV infection in people who are at high risk by up to 92%. PrEP is much less effective if it is not taken consistently.

PrEP is a powerful HIV prevention tool and can be combined with condoms and other prevention methods to provide even greater protection than when used alone. But people who use PrEP must commit to taking the drug every day and seeing their health care provider for follow-up every 3 months.

Federal PrEP Guidelines

On May 14, 2014, the US Public Health Service released the first comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for PrEP

. The guidelines were developed by a federal inter-agency working group led by CDC, and reflect input from providers, HIV patients, partners, and affected communities. The new guidelines

Provide clear criteria for determining a person’s HIV risk and indications for PrEP use.
Require that patients receive HIV testing to confirm negative status before starting PrEP.
Underscore importance of counseling about adherence and HIV risk reduction, including encouraging condom use for additional protection.
Recommend regular monitoring of HIV infection status, side effects, adherence, and sexual or injection risk behaviors.
Include a providers’ supplement

with additional materials and tools for use when prescribing PrEP.

The new federal guidelines recommend that PrEP be considered for people who are HIV-negative andat substantial risk for HIV.

For sexual transmission, this includes anyone who is in an ongoing relationship with an HIV-positive partner. It also includes anyone who 1) is not in a mutually monogamous* relationship with a partner who recently tested HIV-negative, and 2) is a

gay or bisexual man who has had anal sex without a condom or been diagnosed with an STD in the past 6 months; or
heterosexual manor woman who does not regularly use condoms during sex with partners of unknown HIV status who are at substantial risk of HIV infection (e.g., people who inject drugs or have bisexual male partners).

For people who inject drugs, this includes those who have injected illicit drugs in the past 6 months and who have shared injection equipment or been in drug treatment for injection drug use in the past 6 months.

Health care providers should also discuss the use of PrEP with HIV discordant heterosexual couples (in which one partner is HIV-positive and the other HIV-negative) during conception and pregnancy as one of several options to protect the partner who is HIV-negative.

Patients on PrEP should return to their health care provider every 3 months for a repeat HIV test and other follow-up. At this time, the provider can write a prescription refill, offer counseling about medication adherence and risk reduction, test for STDs if necessary, and assess side effects.

PrEP is only for people who are at ongoing substantial risk of HIV infection. For people who need to prevent HIV after a single high-risk event of potential HIV exposure—such as unprotected sex, needle-sharing injection drug use, or sexual assault—there is another option called postexposureprophylaxis, or PEP. PEP must begin within 72 hours of exposure. See our PEP Q&A for more information.

PrEP Clinical Trials

The guidelines are based on strong evidence from clinical trials of PrEP use in high-risk populations. All participants in these trials received pills containing either PrEP or placebo (a pill without any medicine in it), along with intensive counseling on safe-sex behavior, regular testing for STDs, and a regular supply of condoms.

In all of these studies, HIV transmission risk was lowest for participants who took the pill consistently. Specifically:

Among gay and bisexual men, those who were given PrEP were 44% less likely overall to get HIV than those who were given a placebo. Among the men with detectable levels of medicine in their blood (meaning they had taken the pill consistently), PrEP reduced the risk of infection by as much as 92%. (iPrEx Study

)
Among heterosexually active men and women, PrEP reduced the risk of getting HIV by 62%. Participants who became infected had far less drug in their blood, compared with matched participants who remained uninfected. (TDF2 Study

)
Among men and women in HIV discordant couples, those who received PrEP were 75% less likely to become infected than those on placebo. Among those with detectable levels of medicine in their blood, PrEP reduced the risk of HIV infection by up to 90%. (Partners PrEP Study

)
Among injection drug users, a once-daily tablet containing tenofovir (one of the two drugs prescribed) reduced the risk of getting HIV by 49%. For participants who had detectable tenofovir in their blood, PrEP reduced the risk of infection by 74%. (Bangkok Tenofovir Study

)

None of the studies found any significant safety concerns with use of daily oral PrEP. Some trial participants reported side effects such as an upset stomach or loss of appetite but these were mild and usually resolved in the first month.

* Mutually monogamous means that you and your partner only have sex with each other and do not have sex outside the relationship.

More Information

Clinical Practice Guidelines

Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV in the United States: A Clinical Practice Guideline

(May 2014)

Web Resources

PrEP Infographic
Talk to Your Doctor About PrEP: English

and Spanish

Clinical Trials

iPrEX: Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, et al; iPrEx Study Team. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men

. N Engl J Med

2010;363(27):2587-99.
TDF2: Thigpen MC, Kebaabetswe PM, Paxton LA, et al; TDF2 Study Group. Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis for heterosexual HIV transmission in Botswana

. N Engl J Med2012;367(5):423-34.
Partners PrEP: Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, et al; Partners PrEP Study Team. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women