1. I, u, and v never come at the end of English words.
2. "I" before "e" except after "c" or when saying "A" as in neighbor or weigh.
3. "S-h" is used to say "sh" at the beginning of a word or end of a syllable, but not at the beginning of a syllable after the first one. "Ti", "si" and "ci" are used then. (shoe or dish but... lotion, tension, and social)
4. "E", "i" or "y" may make a "c" or "g" soft. Put an "e" at the end of a word when you want the "c" or "g" at the end to be soft. (rice or change) Keep the "e" there when adding suffixes that begin with "a" or "o". (changeable, noticeable)
5. All syllables must have a vowel. That is why we have an "e" at the end of apple, bottle, table, etc.
6. At the end of a one syllable word that has a single vowel, "f", "l", and "s" are usually doubled.
7. All, full, and till are written with only one "l" when combined with another syllable. (almost, wonderful, until)
8. Single vowel "y" at the end of a word changes to "i" when a suffix is added, except for suffixes that begin with "i." (cry...cries....but crying. Double vowels do not follow this rule: boys)
9. "X" is never followed by "s". (excellent, excited, boxes.)
10. When a word ends in a silent e, remove the e before you add a suffix that begins with a vowel, but keep the e when you add a suffix that begins with a consonant.