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https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/indian-treaties May 5, 2023 "The U.S. Government used treaties as one means to displace Indians from their tribal lands, a mechanism that was strengthened with the Removal Act of 1830. In cases where this failed, the government sometimes violated both treaties and Supreme Court rulings to facilitate the spread of European Americans westward across the continent." Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations
https://guides.loc.gov/indian-removal-act May 14, 2019 "The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy. During the fall and winter of 1838 and 1839, the Cherokees were forcibly moved west by the United States government. Approximately 4,000 Cherokees died on this forced march, which became known as the "Trail of Tears." Library of Congress Research Guides
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/indian-removal-act-and-trail-tears Jan 29, 2024 "The Trail of Tears is the name given to the forced migration of the Cherokee people from their ancestral lands in Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, and North Carolina to new territories west of the Mississippi River. The journey, undertaken in the fall and winter of 1838–1839, was fatal for one-fourth of the Cherokee population." National Geographic Education Resources
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-cherokees-vs-andrew-jackson-277394 Mar 1, 2011 "To a degree unique among the five major tribes in the South, the Cherokees used diplomacy and legal argument to protect their interests. With the help of a forward-looking warrior named Major Ridge, Ross became the tribe’s primary negotiator with officials in Washington, D.C., adept at citing both federal law and details from a dozen treaties the Cherokees signed with the federal government between 1785 and 1819." Smithsonian Magazine
https://www.semtribe.com Jan 12, 2023 We are a Federally Recognized Indian Tribe. The only Tribe in America who never signed a peace treaty. Big Cypress Seminole Indian Reservation
https://www.texasmonthly.com/issue/november-1986 Nov 1, 1986 "The Davy Crockett generation, those of us who once sported coonskin caps and fringed leather jackets, who endlessly wailed “Born on a mountaintop in Tennessee”—even though the real Davy Crockett was born in a valley—have now grown up and gone our adult ways. But few of us have forgotten that idyllic summer of 1955, when Davy’s life and death were endlessly replayed in countless back yards. Our teenage sisters may have swooned over Elvis, but we were transfixed by Fess Parker, who played Davy in Walt Disney’s Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier. He was tall and handsome, but more important, he always stood firm for truth and justice." Texas Monthly
3. What are the THREE ideas that have captured your attention from the video?
2. What are TWO questions that you are still thinking about related to these topics?
1. What is ONE thing that you will remember long after watching this video?
Trail of Tears National Historic Trail 26:26 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LSkfmCj8Jg&t Apr 18, 2013 The forced removal of the Cherokee Nation from the SE United States reveals one of the darkest chapters in American history. Stories of hardship, endurance, love, and loss come alive as a grandfather experiences removal with his granddaughter. NationalTrailsNPS
Native American Video Links
Native American Video Links
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LSkfmCj8Jg&t Apr 18, 2013 The forced removal of the Cherokee Nation from the SE United States reveals one of the darkest chapters in American history. Stories of hardship, endurance, love, and loss come alive as a grandfather experiences removal with his granddaughter. NationalTrailsNPS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ya9YGfaAU4 May 1, 2020 Andrew Jackson’s harsh attitudes against Native Americans leads to the Indian Removal Act, which forces five eastern Indian tribes onto reservations in Oklahoma. Thousands of Indians die during the journey, which became known as "The Trail of Tears." NBC News Learn
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SosZ2ZRJymU Dec 2, 2016 The Indian Removal Act of 1830 resulted in the forced relocation of over 15,000 Cherokee people--a third of whom died during the journey to Oklahoma. From: AERIAL AMERICA: The South http://bit.ly/2gVUXxA Smithsonian Channel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiYudyFLoOw Jan 27, 2021 **Trail of Tears History: Truly one of the darkest moments in American history as thousands of Native Americans were forced from their land in the early to mid-1800s. Thousands of Native Americans died on the forced journey to the west. Questions below:
1. How did white Europeans and Native Americans view land differently?
2. What invention caused the desire for land in the Southeastern United States to grow?
3. What did the U.S. Supreme Court decide concerning Native American removal?
4. It is estimated that how many acres of land were taken from Native Americans?
5. Despite the forced removal of Native Americans being clearly wrong, why do you believe Americans did it anyway? Do you think something like this could happen again? The Daily Bellringer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1j9GqySIcaU May 18, 2017 A Georgia court convicted Samuel Worcester of settling in Cherokee Nation territory without obtaining a state license. Worcester appealed the case to the U.S. Supreme Court, which overturned the decision in 1832. The court also laid down guiding principles on the relationship between Native American tribes, states, and the nation. John Marshall described the Cherokee Nation as “a distinct community” over which “the laws of Georgia have no force… [except] with the assent of the Cherokees themselves…” The ruling thus accorded Native American tribes important elements of sovereignty, which have been reinforced in hundreds of cases since that time. Yet the ruling did not protect the Cherokees and other Native American tribes from oppression. Perhaps best known to Georgians is the forced removal of Native Americans from the state on the infamous “Trail of Tears.” This animated video is part of the Virtual Museum of Law, presented by the State Bar of Georgia's Law-Related Education Program and funded by the Cornerstones of Freedom® program. Learn more at https://www.thelawmuseum.org/work/worcester-v-georgia State Bar of Georgia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLCBrAb1FH8 Nov 8, 2019 On this episode of Georgia Stories; Ranger Frankie Mewborn guides visitors on a tour of the New Echota Historic Site in Gordon County, which preserves what is left of the Cherokee capital. In 1835 Cherokee leaders signed the Treaty of New Echota requiring the Cherokees to leave the southeast. Original Air Date: 02/22/1994 For standards, timelines, and supplemental materials, visit our website at http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories GPB Education
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LzkYCeO-gYE Oct 29, 2020 The remarkable story of Chief Standing Bear, who in 1879 persuaded a federal judge to recognize Native Americans as persons with the right to sue for their freedom, established him as one of the nation’s earliest civil rights heroes. This Moments in History video, in recognition of Native American Heritage Month, recounts how Standing Bear and his Ponca Tribe were banished from their tribal lands in Nebraska to reservation land in Oklahoma. After the move killed about a third of the tribe, including two of Standing Bear’s children, he and a small band of Poncas returned to Nebraska in defiance of a federal order. After Standing Bear was detained in Omaha, allies filed a habeas corpus suit demanding that he be released. Government prosecutors responded that under federal law, Native Americans were not considered “persons” and therefore were not eligible to seek a writ of habeas corpus. Standing Bear’s eloquence in a federal courtroom helped convince a judge to grant his freedom. The video includes interviews with U.S. Judge Joseph F. Bataillon, of the District of Nebraska; Joe Starita, a journalist-author whose book “I Am a Man” renewed public awareness of the case; and Mary Kathryn Nagle, a former law clerk in the District of Nebraska who wrote a play dramatizing the case. Native American Heritage Month is observed every November. Find Native American Heritage Month resources: https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/annual-observances/native-american-heritage-month United States Courts
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