Embedded Files
Dastan Khalid
Department of Physics. School of Science Education, Sulaimani
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10299
Abstract:
Mammographic density is the difference in appearance of glandular to fatty tissue in a
mammogram. Investigation in doses delivered in mammography is carried out. The Mean
Glandular Dose (MGD) is calculated and compared to the standard values. The results show the
value of MGD is comparable to some of the references, however there are very large variations
in MGD and mAs with respect to specific Compressed Breast Thickness and percent
glandularity. The results suggest a lack of understanding of radiation uses and the risks that are
involved in x-ray induced breast cancer in Sulaimani hospitals especially the Mammography
Centre.
Keywords: Mean Glandular Dose (MGD) , Mammography, Radiation Dose in Mammograhy
References
[1] BoydN. F. Dite G. S. Stone J. Gunasekara A. English D. R. McCredie M. R. E. Giles
G. G. Tritchler D. Chiarelli A. Yaffe M. J. and Hopper J. L. “Heritability of
Mammographic Density, a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 347,
no. 12, pp. 886–894, Sep. 2002.
[2] Boyd N. F. Guo H. Martin L. Sun L. Stone J. Fishell E. Jong R. Hislop G. Chiarelli A.
Minkin S. and Yaffe M. “2007 Mammographic Density and the Risk and Detection of
Breast Cancer,” N Engl J Med, vol. 356, no. 3, pp. 227 – 36, 2007.
[3] Brock A. Krause S. Li H. Kowalski M. Goldberg M. S. Collins J. J. and Ingber D. E.
“Silencing HoxA1 by Intraductal Injection of siRNA Lipidoid Nanoparticles Prevents
Mammary Tumor Progression in Mice,” Sci. Transl. Med. , vol. 6 , no. 217 , pp.
217ra2–217ra2, Jan. 2014.
[4] Byrne C. and Spernak S. “What is breast density?,” Breast Cancer Online, vol. 8, no.
10, p. null–null, 2005.
[5] Dance D. R. Skinner C. L. Young K. C. Beckett J. R. and Kotre C. J. “Additional
factors for the estimation of mean glandular breast dose using the UK mammography
dosimetry protocol,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 45, pp. 3225 – 3240, 2000.
[6] Dance D. R. Young K. C. and van Engen R. E. “Further factors for the estimation of
mean glandular dose using the United Kingdom , European and IAEA breast dosimetry
protocols,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 54, pp. 4361 – 4372, 2009.
[7] Dance D. R. “Monte Carlo calculation of conversion factors for the estimation of mean
glandular breast dose,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 1211 – 1219, 1990.
[8] Dance D. R. Skinner C. L. and Alm Carlsson G. “Breast dosimetry,” Appl. Radiat.
Isot., vol. 50, pp. 185–203, 1999.
[9] Egan R. and Mosteller R. “Breast cancer mammography patterns.,” Cancer, vol. 40,
no. 5, pp. 2087 – 2090, 1977.
[10] Khalid D. “Development of breast density measurement technique for cancer
screening,” University College London, 2010.
[11] Klein R. Aichinger H. Dierker J. Jansen J. T. M. Joite-Barfub S. Sabel M. Schulz-
Wendtland R. and Zoetelief J. “Determination of average glandular dose with modern
mammography units for two large groups of patients,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 42, pp.
651 – 671, 1997.
[12] Kopans D. B. “Basic physics and doubts about relationship between
mammographically determined tissue density and breast cancer risk,” Radiology, vol.
246, no. 2, pp. 348 – 353, 2008.
[13] Krook P. M. “Mammographic parenchymal patterns as risk indicators for incident
cancer in a screening program: an extended analysis,” AJR Am J Roentgenol, vol. 131,
no. 6, pp. 1031 – 1035, 1978.
[14] Michielsen K. Jacobs J. Lemmens K. Nens J. Zoetelief J. Faulkner K. and Bosmans H.
“RESULTS OF A EUROPEAN DOSE SURVEY FOR MAMMOGRAPHY,” Radiat.
Prot. Dosimetry, vol. 129, no. 1–3, pp. 199–203, 2008.
[15] Michielsen K. Jacobs J. and Bosnians H. “Patient Dosimetry for Mammography,” in
AIP Proceeding, 2007, vol. 958, no. 292, pp. 292–293.
[16] Mora P. Chevalier M. Ten J. I. Frenandez Soto J. M. and Vano E. “A SURVEY OF
PATIENT DOSE AND CLINICAL FACTORS IN A FULL-FIELD DIGITAL
MAMMOGRAPHY SYSTEM,” Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, vol. 114, no. 1–3, pp. 375–
379, 2005.
[17] Smans K. Bosmans H. Xiao M. Carton A. K. and Marchal G. “TOWARDS A
PROPOSITION OF A DIAGNOSTIC ( DOSE ) REFERENCE LEVEL FOR
MAMMOGRAPHIC ACQUISITIONS IN BREAST SCREENING
MEASUREMENTS IN BELGIUM,” Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, vol. 117, no. 1–3, pp.
321–326, 2006.
[18] Threatt B. Norbeck J. Ullman N. Kummer R. and Roselle P. “Association between
mammographic parenchymal pattern classification and incidence of breast cancer,”
Cancer, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 2550–2556, 1980.
[19] Wolfe J. N. “Risk for breast cancer development determined by mammographic
parenchymal pattern,” Cancer, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 2486 – 2492, 1976.
[20] Yaffe M. J. “Mammographic density. Measurement of mammographic density.,”
Breast Cancer Res., vol. 10, no. 3, p. 209, Jan. 2008.
Page updated
Report abuse