Player's Handbook
Acolyte
Charlatan
Criminal
Variant Criminal: Spy
Entertainer
Variant Entertainer: Gladiator
Folk Hero
Guild Artisan
Variant Guild Artisan: Guild Merchant
Hermit
Noble
Variant Noble: Knight
Outlander
Sage
Sailor
Variant Sailor: Pirate
Soldier
Urchin
Curse of Strahd
Haunted One
Ghosts of Saltmarsh
Fisher
Marine
Shipwright
Smuggler
Plane Shift (Magic: The Gathering)
Dissenter (Plane Shift: Amonkhet)
Initiate (Plane Shift: Amonkhet)
Inquisitor (Plane Shift: Innistrad)
Vizier (Plane Shift: Amonkhet)
Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide
[Five of these backgrounds are little more than variants of PHB backgrounds, but are not identified as such in the book.]
City Watch
Variant City Watch: Investigator
Clan Crafter [variant Guild Artisan]
Cloistered Scholar [variant Sage]
Courtier
Faction Agent
Far Traveler
Inheritor
Knight of the Order
Mercenary Veteran [variant Soldier]
Urban Bounty Hunter
Uthgardt Tribe Member [variant Outlander]
Waterdhavian Noble [variant Noble]
Tomb of Annihilation
Anthropologist
Archaeologist
Wayfinder's Guide to Eberron
House Agent