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Walter, Chip (December 2006). "Why do we cry?". Scientific American Mind. 17 (6): 44. [Link]
Why do we cry when we're happy. Scientific American. [Link]
^ "Why Cry? Evolutionary Biologists Show Crying Can Strengthen Relationships". Science Daily. Tel Aviv University. Retrieved 8 September2011.
"Cry Me A River: The Psychology of Crying". Science Daily. Association for Psychological Science. 19 December 2008.
"What Causes a Lump in the Throat Feeling? Globus Sensation". Heath Talk. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
Glass, Don (15 January 2007). "A Lump in Your Throat". Moment of Science.
Onken, Michael (16 February 1997). "What causes the 'lump' in your throat when you cry?". MadSci. Washington University Medical School. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
"Frauen und Männer weinen anders [German: Woman and Men Cry Differently]" (PDF). Pressearchiv 2009. Deutsche Ophtalmologische Gesellschaft. October 2009. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
"Women cry more than men, and for longer, study finds". The Telegraph. London. 15 October 2009.
According to the German Society of Ophthalmology, which has collated different scientific studies on crying, the average woman cries between 30 and 64 times a year, and the average man cries between 6 and 17 times a year. [22]
Men tend to cry for between two and four minutes, and women cry for about six minutes. Crying turns into sobbing for women in 65% of cases, compared to just 6% for men. Until adolescence, however, no difference between the sexes was found.[23][22]
crying in response to a minor emotional stimulus
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Involuntary physiological reactions
Sympathetic crying
Chills
Blushing: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blushing
Idiopathic craniofacial erythema: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_craniofacial_erythema.
A medical condition characterised by severe, uncontrollable, and frequently unprovoked, facial blushing.Blushing can occur at any time and is frequently triggered by even mundane events, such as, talking to friends, paying for goods in a shop, asking for directions or even simply making eye contact with another person.
For many years, the cause of the condition was thought to be an anxiety problem, caused by a mental health disorder. However, in recent years experts in the field of the disorder believe it to be caused by an overactive sympathetic nervous system, an automatic response which sufferers have no mental control over.
It is related to focal hyperhidrosis, more commonly known as excessive sweating, as it is caused by the same overactive nerves which cause excessive sweating. Sufferers of severe facial blushing commonly experience focal hyperhidrosis.
The New Yorker - CRIMSON TIDE - What is blushing?, No one knows for sure, but it can ruin your life by Atul Gawande.
Focal hyperhidrosis: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_hyperhidrosis
A disease characterized by an excessive sweating localized in certain body regions (particularly palms, feet and underarms). Recent studies have shown that this condition, affecting between 1% and 3% of the general population, seems to have a genetic origin.
Stuttering: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttering
"Acute nervousness and stress do not cause stuttering, but they can trigger stuttering in people who have the speech disorder, and living with a stigmatized disability can result in anxiety and high allostatic stress load (chronic nervousness and stress) that reduce the amount of acute stress necessary to trigger stuttering in any given person who stutters, exacerbating the problem in the manner of a positive feedback system..."
"Although the exact etiology, or cause, of stuttering is unknown, both genetics and neurophysiology are thought to contribute."
Cats that drool when they are petted
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Music: tears and chills
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Why do we cry? The science of tears. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/features/why-do-we-cry-the-science-of-tears-9741287.html
Neural circuits underlying crying and cry responding in mammals. Newman JD Behav Brain Res. 2007 Sep 4; 182(2):155-65.
Paroxetine reduces crying in young women watching emotional movies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3285754/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15219580
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19826792
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29556968
The neurobiology of human crying.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29687400
Gračanin A, Bylsma LM, Vingerhoets AJJM (2018) Why only humans shed emotional tears: evolutionary and cultural perspectives. Hum Nat. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-018-9312-8PubMedGoogle Scholar
Newman JD (2007) Neural circuits underlying crying and cry responding in mammals. Behav Brain Res 182:155–165CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
Vingerhoets AJJM, Bylsma LM (2016) The riddle of human emotional crying: a challenge for emotion researchers. Emot Rev 8:207–217CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vingerhoets AJJM (2013) Why only humans weep: unravelling the mysteries of tears. Oxford University Press, OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bylsma LM, Vingerhoets AJJM, Rottenberg J (2008) When is crying cathartic? An international study. J Social Clin Psychol 27:1165–1187CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rottenberg J, Bylsma LM, Vingerhoets AJJM (2008) Is crying beneficial? Curr Dir Psychol Sci 17:400–404CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gračanin A, Vingerhoets AJJM, Kardum I, Zupčić M, Šantek M, Šimić M (2015) Why crying does and sometimes does not seem to alleviate mood: a quasi-experimental study. Motiv Emot 39:953 960 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
Mori K, Iwanaga M (2017) Two types of peak emotional responses to music: the psychophysiology of chills and tears. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46063Google Scholar
Sympathetic crying: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5055358/
http://time.com/4254089/science-crying
http://www.sirc.org/publik/Crying_Game.pdf