Non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder
Also known as Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, free running type (ICD-10 code: G47.24)
Professional research literature
Abbott S. M. (2019). Non-24-hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder. Neurologic clinics, 37(3), 545–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2019.03.002
AASM Clinical Practice Guideline (2015) (see below)
Burgess, H. J., & Emens, J. S. (2016). Circadian-Based Therapies for Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders. Current sleep medicine reports, 2(3), 158–165. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5156320/
Emens, J. S., Laurie, A. L., Songer, J. B., & Lewy, A. J. (2013). Non-24-Hour Disorder in Blind Individuals Revisited: Variability and the Influence of Environmental Time Cues. Sleep, 36(7), 1091–1100. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.2818
Flynn-Evans, E. E., & Lockley, S. W. (2016). A Pre-Screening Questionnaire to Predict Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (N24HSWD) among the Blind. Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 12(5), 703–710. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4865557
Hartley, S., Dauvilliers, Y., & Quera-Salva, M. A. (2018). Circadian Rhythm Disturbances in the Blind. Current neurology and neuroscience reports, 18(10), 65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-018-0876-9
Quera Salva, M. A., Hartley, S., Léger, D., & Dauvilliers, Y. A. (2017). Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder in the Totally Blind: Diagnosis and Management. Frontiers in neurology, 8, 686. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5741691
Uchiyama, M., & Lockley, S. W. (2015). Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder in Sighted and Blind Patients. Sleep medicine clinics, 10(4), 495–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2015.07.006
Uchiyama, M., Shibui, K., Hayakawa, T., Kamei, Y., Ebisawa, T., Tagaya, H., Okawa, M., & Takahashi, K. (2002). Larger phase angle between sleep propensity and melatonin rhythms in sighted humans with non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome. Sleep, 25(1), 83–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/25.1.83
Melatonin
Hack, L. M., Lockley, S. W., Arendt, J., & Skene, D. J. (2003). The effects of low-dose 0.5-mg melatonin on the free-running circadian rhythms of blind subjects. Journal of biological rhythms, 18(5), 420–429. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730403256796
Lewy, A. J., Bauer, V. K., Hasler, B. P., Kendall, A. R., Pires, M. L., & Sack, R. L. (2001). Capturing the circadian rhythms of free-running blind people with 0.5 mg melatonin. Brain research, 918(1-2), 96–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02964-x
Lockley, S. W., Skene, D. J., James, K., Thapan, K., Wright, J., & Arendt, J. (2000). Melatonin administration can entrain the free-running circadian system of blind subjects. The Journal of endocrinology, 164(1), R1–R6. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.164r001
Roth, T., Nir, T., & Zisapel, N. (2015). Prolonged release melatonin for improving sleep in totally blind subjects: a pilot placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Nature and science of sleep, 7, 13–23. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S71838
Sack, R. L., Brandes, R. W., Kendall, A. R., & Lewy, A. J. (2000). Entrainment of free-running circadian rhythms by melatonin in blind people. The New England journal of medicine, 343(15), 1070–1077. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200010123431503
Melatonin agonists
Neubauer D. N. (2015). Tasimelteon for the treatment of non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder. Drugs of today (Barcelona, Spain : 1998), 51(1), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1358/dot.2015.51.1.2258364
Williams, W. P., 3rd, McLin, D. E., 3rd, Dressman, M. A., & Neubauer, D. N. (2016). Comparative Review of Approved Melatonin Agonists for the Treatment of Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders. Pharmacotherapy, 36(9), 1028–1041. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1822
AASM Clinical Practice Guideline (2015)
Auger, R. R., Burgess, H. J., Emens, J. S., Deriy, L. V., Thomas, S. M., & Sharkey, K. M. (2015). Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Intrinsic Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (ASWPD), Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (DSWPD), Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (N24SWD), and Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (ISWRD). An Update for 2015: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 11(10), 1199–1236. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4582061
Some evidence for: Timed Oral Administration of Melatonin or Agonists
Insufficient evidence for:
Prescribed Sleep-Wake Scheduling
Timed Physical Activity/Exercise
Strategic Avoidance of Light
Light Therapy
Sleep-Promoting Medications
Wakefulness-Promoting Medications