Notes

Unit 4-3 page 81-131

Material- Matter from which a substance is or can be made

Natural Material- any physical matter that is obtained or made from plants animals or the ground

Synthetic Material- Material obtained from a natural material that has undergone a chemical reaction in a laboratory or a factory

Technology- The practical use of scientific knowledge

Chemical Reactions- All synthetic materials are the result of this

By-Product- Secondary product that results from a manufacturing process or chemical reaction

Types of formulas

1A. Molecular Formula= These show the number and kind of the atoms present. (Hexane is the example for all these formulas.)

C6H14

1B. Empirical Formula=

These show the smallest whole number ratio of the molecular formula.

C6H14/2= C3H7

2. Condensed structural formula=Shows the atoms connected to each Carbon.

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

3. Structural Formula=Shows all bonds in a molecule.

H H H H H H

| | | | | |

H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H

| | | | | |

H H H H H H

4. Electron dot Formula=(Lewis structure)Shows all electrons involved in a molecule.

H H H H H H

.. .. .. .. .. ..

H:C:C:C:C:C:C:H

.. .. .. .. .. ..

H H H H H H

Hydrocarbons- Only Carbons and Hydrogens

Carbohydrates-Chains of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon. (Usually H2O1C1 ratio)

*Divisions of Organic Molecules

1.) Straight-chain Alkanes – (All single bonded carbons that have 2 Hydrogens in the middle and three on the end.)

Name -Name the sample according to the following names, based on the number of Carbons.

# of Chain Branch

Carbons Name Name

1 Methane Methyl

2 Ethane Ethyl

3 Propane Propyl

4 Butane Butyl

5 Pentane Pentyl

6 Hexane Hexyl

7 Heptane Heptyl

8 Octane Octyl

9 Nonane Nonyl

10 Decane Decyl

Hint to remember the order of the first four prefixes.

Meth Eats People’s Brains

2.) Branched Alkanes

(All single bonded carbons that have at least one Carbon in the middle attached to three Carbons.)*At least 3 C’s attached to 1 C.

Name - List the location of the branch, name the branch, then name the parent chain (Longest chain). *If there is more than one branch, name them in alphabetical order.*

• CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3.

CH2

CH3

3-Ethylheptane

3.) Alkenes-

A chain of hydrocarbons that have at least one C=C in the chain.

Name - List the location of the double bond(Lowest number carbon) then name the parent chain, but switch the –ane to –ene.

• CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH3.

3-Hexene

4.) Alkynes-

A chain of hydrocarbons that have at least one C=C in the chain.

Name - List the location of the triple bond(Lowest number carbon) then name the parent chain, but switch the –ane to –yne.

• CH=C-CH2-CH3.

1-Butyne

5.) Cycloalkanes –

Single bonded alkanes located in a “circle”

Name - Put ‘cyclo’ in front of the name. cyclo(name)

• CH2-CH2-CH2

| |

CH2 CH2

| |

CH2-CH2-CH2

CycloOctane

Helpful hints/clues to remember the names:

1.Alkanes – Single bond is a.

2.Alkenes –Double bond is e.

3.Alkynes – Triple bond is y.

4.Cycloalkanes-Alkanes that form a circle. (cyclones move in a circle.)

*Single Covalent Bond (Single Bond) =Bond that is made up of one pair of shared electrons (two electrons)

*Double Covalent Bond (Double Bond) =Bond that is made up of two pairs of shared electrons (four electrons)

*Triple Covalent Bond (Triple Bond) =Bond that is made up of three pairs of shared electrons (six electrons)

Organic compounds- Most compounds containing carbon

Hydrocarbon- A compound made of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

A) saturated hydrocarbons-hydrocarbons w/ only single-bonded carbon atoms*These are alkanes!

B) unsaturated hydrocarbons- contain double or triple bonded carbons*These are alkenes and alkynes.

Isomers- Compounds that have identical chemical formulas but different molecular structure and shapes

*They will be branched alkanes.*

Ex. Name and draw four isomers of C7H16

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

Heptane

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2 -CH-CH3 2-Methyl-Hexane

CH3

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH -CH2-CH3 3-Methyl-Hexane

CH3

CH3-CH2-CH ---CH-CH3

| |

CH3 CH3

2-Methyl-3-Methyl-Pentane

Substituted hydrocarbons- Hydrocarbons that have one or more of its hydrogen atoms replaced by atoms or groups of other elements.

Alcohol-

Compound that is formed when –OH group replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon.

Polymers-

Substances made up of many smaller, simpler molecules that form a chain

Monomer-

Small molecule that forms a link in a polymer chain.

Polyethylene-

Polymer formed from a chain containing many ethylene units.

Depolymerization-

the process of heat or chemicals to break the polymer chain into monomer fragments.

6. Alcohol Group *Naming Alcohols

List the location of the Hydroxyl group-(OH).

Name the hydrocarbon, but drop the e and switch the ending to ol

CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3

3-Pentanol

CH3-CH2

Ethanol or 1-Ethanol

CH3

Methanol or 1-Methanol

GOOD IDEA TO PUT AT THE TOP OF A PAGE!

Helpful hints/clues to which group they belong if you are given a name:

1.Straight chain Alkanes – Only–ane.

2.Alkenes ––ene in name. (=)

3.Alkynes ––yne in name. (=)

4.Cycloalkanes-cyclo in name.

5. Alcohol-Ends in -ol in name. (OH)

6. Branched alkanes-yl in name.(C-C-C)

Four main groups of organic polymers.

1.Proteins- large organic polymers formed from organic monomers called amino acids.

2.Nucleic acids-

Organic polymers that control the activities and reproduction of cells.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (or DNA)- codes and stores genetic information known as a genetic code.

3.Carbohydrates- compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and have twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms.(Quick energy.)

4.Lipids- (Fats)group of compounds that contains the same elements as carbohydrates but in different arrangements and combinations.(Store energy for long periods.)

POLYMERS MONMERS

PROTEINS AMINO ACIDS

DNA/RNA NUCLEIC ACID

CARBOHYDRATE MONOSACCARIDES

LIPIDS FATTY ACIDS

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