Notes 11-12

Medical Terminology Chapter 11 notes

The genitourinary system includes the urinary system of the male and female as well as the reproductive system of the male.

Urinary System

The purpose of the urinary system is to regulate extracellular fluids(plasma, tissue fluid, and lymph) of the body by removing a variety of harmful substances while retaining useful products.

Nitrogenous wastes- harmful substances

Electrolytes- sodium, potassium, and calcium

Erythropoietin- a hormone that acts on bone marrow to stimulate production of red blood cells when blood oxygen levels are low

The urinary system has four major types of structures:

Two kidneys

Two ureters

Bladder

Urethra

Kidneys- About the size of your fist and located in the abdominal cavity slightly above the waistline

Renal cortex-

Renal Medulla- contains portions of the microscopic filtering units of the kidney

Hilum- Near the medial border

Renal artery- carries blood that contains waste products to the nephrons for filtering

Renal vein- blood leaves the kidney through here

Renal pelvis- waste material, now in the form of urine, passes to a hollow chamber

Ureter- slender tube that carries urine in peristaltic waves to the bladder

Ureteral orifice- The opening in which the ureter passes urine into the bladder.

Urinary bladder- an expandable hollow organ, acts as a temporary reservoir for urine

Urethra- the tube that discharges urine from the bladder

Micturition- Process in which urine is expelled through the urethral opening

Urinary meatus- the urethral opening

Nephron

Tissue in the kidneys that maintain homeostasis by continually regulation the amount of water, salts, glucose, urea, and other mineral in blood.

*Remove excess electrolytes and nitrogenous wastes such as urea, uric acid, and creatine(End product of protein metabolism.)

Glomerulus- the renal corpuscle is composed of the renal tubule

Bowman capsule- a modified funnel shaped end of the renal tubule

Afferent arteriole- carries blood to the glomerulus

Efferent arteriole- carries blood from the glomerulus

Peritubular capillaries- as the efferent arteriole passes behind the renal corpuscle

Proximal convoluted tubule- one part of the renal tubule

Loop of henle- part of the renal tubule in the renal medula

Distal tubule- part of the renal tubule that is the last tubule before the collecting tubule

Collecting tubule- part of the renal tubule in which the urine passes to the Ureter.

The nephron performs three physiological activities as it produces urine.

A)Filtration-Water, electrolytes, sugar, amino acids, and other small molecules are forced from the blood in the glomerulus into Bowman capsules due to increased pressure.

*Filtrate-Fluid formed in this manner.

B)Reabsorption-As the filtrate passes through the tubule, needed substances are reclaimed for the body for reuse.

C)Secretion-Capillaries near the distal tubule secrete ammonia, uric acid, and other substances into the tuble.(process opposite of reabsorption.)

*Urine-The fluid formed in the collecting tubule.

Testes- the primary male reproductive organ

Scrotum- external sac that holds testes

Seminiferous tubules- produce sperm

Epididymis- lying over the superior surface of each testis is a single, tightly coiled tube

Vas deferens—seminal duct—ductus deferens--The epidiymis forms this tube which passes into the abdominal cavity.

Seminal vesicle- the union of the vas deferens with the duct from the seminal vesicle forms

Ejaculatory duct- the seminal  vesicle contains nutrients that support sperm viability and secretes approximately 60% of the seminal fluid  that is ejaculated during sexual intercourse.

Prostate gland- a triple-lobed organ fused to the base of the bladder. The prostate gland secrets a thin, alkaline substance that accounts for 30% of seminal fluid. Its alkalinity helps protect sperm from the acidic environments of both male urethra and the female vagina.

Bubourethral (cowper) glands- two pea-shaped glands located below the prostate that produce the alkaline fluid.

Penis- a male sex organ of copulation. It is cylindrical and composed of erectile tissue that encloses the urethra.

Urethra- expels doth semen and urine from the body.  The sphincter at the base of the bladder closes, which not only stops the urine from being expelled with the semen, but also prevents semen from entering the bladder.

Glans penis- an enlarged tip of the penis that contains the urethral orifice.

Urethral Orifice (meatus)- a movable hood of skin, called the prepuce.

Prepuce (foreskin)- covering for the glans penis

Pathology

Many issues with the urinary system are asymptomatic, but can be detected through urinalysis.

Urology-The branch of medicine concerned with male and female urinary disorders and diseases of the reproductive system.

Urologist-The physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary disorders.

Libido- Signs and symptoms of male reproductive disorders include pain, swelling, erectile dysfunction

Pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis--kidney infection--complicated urinary tract infection=One of the most common forms of kidney diseases.

*Typically caused by a bladder infection that has ascended to the kidney via the ureters.

Bacteriuria- bacteria in urine

Pyuria- white blood cells in urine

Hematuria- red blood cells in urine

Glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis-A condition in which the glomerular walls become inflamed.

*Usually caused by toxins given off by bacteria(especially streptococci)

*May be associated with autoimmune diseases: lupus erythematosus, polyarthritis, scleroderma, and diabetes.

* As glomerular membrane become inflamed they become more permeable, so blood cells seep out into the urine.

Proteinuria- blood and protein in the urine

Nephrolithiasis

Nephrolithiasis-Kidney stones-Dissolved salts in urine solidify.

Colic-Pulsating pain caused by these stones being lodged in the ureters.

Refluxes- urine flowing backwards

*Shockwaves—concentrated sound waves or x-rays that pulverize calculi(Kidney stones.)

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy-(ESWL) directed at the stones from a machine outside the body

Pecrutaneous nephrolithotomy- stone removal from a small incision on the skin

Bladder Neck Obstruction

Bladder Neck Obstruction(BNO)-Any blockage of the bladder.

*causes include calculi, blood clots, and tumors.

Cystitis- bladder infection

Retention with overflow- need to void but can only void small quantities at a time

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia—Nodular hyperplasia—benign prostatic hypertrophy—(BPH)

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia-Inability to completely void the bladder due to enlargement of the prostate gland.

*This may cause cystitis and eventually nephritis.

Perineal prostatectomy- surgical removal of the prostate gland through the perineum

Transuretheral resection of the prostate- surgical removal of the prostate gland through the urethra

Suprapubic prostatectomy- surgical removal of the prostate gland through an abdominal opening above the pubis and directly over the bladder

Cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism-Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac prior to birth.

*Many times the testes will descend in the first year.

Orchiopexy- surgical suspension of the testes in the scrotum.

*This surgery is usually completed prior to age two.  Hernioohaphy accompanies the orchiopexy surgery.

Herniorrhaphy- suture of the hernia

Acute Tubular Necrosis(ATN)

Acute Tubular Necrosis(ATN)-The tubular portion of the nephron is injured through a decrease of blood supply or the presence of toxic substances.

Oliguria- scanty urine production

Hypercalcemia- increased blood levels of calcium

*ATN is reversible if damage is NOT severe.

Oncology

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer for males in the U.S.

*Rates are low in Asians, moderate in Caucasians, and high in African Americans

*The blood test for Prostate-specific Antigen(PSA) or a digital rectal examination(DRE) can detect the cancer early.

*If cancer is detected, many time bilateral orchiectomy and administration of estrogen are given to slow cancer growth and metastasis.

*The testes are removed and estrogen is given, because testosterone increases the growth rate of this cancer.

Bilateral orchiectomy- surgical removal of the testes

Signs of advanced stages of prostate cancer include:

Hesitancy- difficulty starting urination

Dysuria-Stopping the urinary stream

Hematuria-Blood in the urine.

Urinating frequently.

Chapter 12 notes

The organs of the female reproductive system are designed to produce ova(female productive cells) as well as provide favorable environment for the fetus through pregnancy and childbirth.

*Hormones play a key role in reproduction.

Gestation-Process of carrying a fetus from conception to birth.

Female reproductive organs

Ovaries- almond-shaped glands located in the pelvic cavity, one on each side of the uterus. Each ovary contains thousands of tiny, saclike structures called graafian follicles.

Graafian follicles- tiny sack like structures that contains the ovum

Mature follicle- when an ovum matures it moves to the surface of the ovary, ruptures, and releases the ovum a process called ovulation

Corpus luteum- a small yellow mass that secretes estrogen and progesterone

Fallopian tubes- oviducts-uterine tubes-extends laterally from superior angles of the uterus

Fimbriae- fingerlike projections that create wavelike currents (peristalsis) in fluid surrounding the ovary to move the ovum into the uterine tube.

If the egg unites with a spermatozoon, the male reproductive cell, fertilization or conception takes place.

If conception does not occur, the ovum disintegrates within 48 hours and is discharged through the vagina.

Uterus- Muscular structure that contains and nourishes the embryo from the fertilized egg is implanted until the fetus is born.

A)Fundus-Upper rounded portion of the uterus.

B)Body-Main part of the uterus

C)Cervix-Neck of the uterus-cervix uteri=Opening from the vagina to the uterus.

Bartholin glands-Provides secretion for the vagina.

Perineum-Area between the vaginal orifice and the anus.

Episiotomy-Process of cutting the perineum during childbirth.

Mammary Glands

Lactation-Milk production for the newborns.

Adipose Tissue-Fatty tissue in the breasts.

Lactiferous duct-Opening of the nipple where the milk flows out of the body from the milk-producing glands.

Menstrual Cycle

Takes approximately 28 days (p. 351 table 12-1 and/or figure 12-4 p.352)

Pregnancy

*During pregnancy the uterus changes shape, size and consistency. (Gestation lasts about 9 months)

Parturiation-Process of giving birth

Embryo-Product formed by conception until 90 days.

Fetus-Product formed by conception 91 days until birth.

Labor and childbirth

A)Stage of dilation-Uterine contractions begin and the cervix dilates(10 cm)

B)Stage of expulsion-Complete dilation to childbirth.

C)Placental stage-Childbirth to discharge of placenta(Afterbirth)

Menopause

Menopause-The cessation of ovarian activity and diminished hormone production (especially estrogen) that occurs around age 50.

Climacteric-Change of life—The time in which symptoms of approaching menopause occur.

Amenorrhea-Absence of mensus for 1 year.

Symptoms of menopause

Hot flashes, vaginal dryness, osteoporosis(porous bones), and vaginal atrophy(thinning of the walls)

Hormone Replacement Therapy(HRT)-Used to help lessen the impact of menopause by adding estrogen to the body.

Pathology

Gynecology-Branch of medicine concerned with diseases of female reproductive organs and the breasts.

Obstetrics-Branch of medicine that manages the health of a woman and her fetus during pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium.

*Many specialists practice both obstetrics and gynecology. (OB/GYN)

Menstral Disorders

A)Dysmenorrhea-Menstrual pain and tension

*Causes may include anemia, fatigue, diabetes, tuberculosis.

B)Metrorrhagia-Irregular uterine bleeding between periods.  *May be caused  by tumors and is probably the most significant disorder.

C)Menorragia or hypermenorrhea- Profuse or prolonged bleeding during regular menstruation.

*May be caused by endocrine disturbances, emotional disturbances, tumors, fibrous, or inflammatory diseases.

D) Premenstrual Syndrome(PMS)-Disorder with signs and symptoms that range from headaches, fatigue, mood changes, anxiety, depression, uncontrolled crying, and water retention.

*Increasing exercise and decreasing intake of caffeine, salt, and alcohol.

Endometriosis

Endometriosis-Presence of functional endometrial tissue in areas outside of the uterus.

Pelvic and Vaginal Infections

     Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a general term for inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and adjacent pelvic structures.

*Usually caused by bacterial infection.

*Two of the most common causes of PID are gonorrhea and chlamydia.

Vaginitis-Infections confined to the vagina and cause localized infection.

*Caused by yeast, bacteria, or viruses.

Candidiasis-moniliasis-Normal flora is disrupted and overgrowth of yeast occurs.

*Steroid therapy, diabetes or excessive sugar intake, or pregnancy may cause candidiasis.

**Mycostatics-Antifungal agents may be used to suppress growth of the yeast.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases(STD)-Venereal Disease-STI---Several contagious diseases acquired as a result of sexual activity with an infected partner.

Until recently gonorrhea and syphilis were the most common.

*Chlamydia has become the most widespread STD.

*Genital herpes and genital warts are also increasing in prevalence.

AIDS is the newest and most serious STD.