Notes 

Chapter 4 Chemistry notes. (p.76-103)  

Dalton’s atomic theory - states that matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms (see page 80 Table 2 group question)

Atom - the smallest particle of matter that retains the properties of the element

Cathode ray - radiation that originates from the cathode and travels to the anode of a cathode-ray tube

Electrons -  negatively charged particles that are part of all forms of matter

Nucleus -  extremely small, positively charged, dense center of an atom that contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons

Proton - a positively charged particle

Neutron - a subatomic particle that has a mass nearly equal to that of a proton but carries no electric charge

Atomic number - the number of protons in an atom

Isotopes -  atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Mass number - identifies each isotope of an element and is the sum of the atomic number (or number of protons) and neutrons in the nucleus  Protons + neutrons

Atomic mass unit (amu) - one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom

Stop here!

Average Atomic mass -  the weighted average mass of the isotopes of that element 

Radioactivity - a process where substances spontaneously emit radiation

Radiation - the rays and particles emitted by the radioactive material undergo changes that can alter their identities

Nuclear reaction - a reaction that involves a change in an atom’s nucleus

radioactive decay - a process in which an unstable nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation spontaneously

Alpha radiation -  the radiation that was deflected toward the negatively charged plate

Alpha particle 42He - contains two protons and two neutrons, and thus has a 2+ charge

Nuclear equation - a type of equation that shows the atomic number and mass number of the particles involved

Beta radiation - radiation that was deflected toward the positively charged plate 

Beta particle o-1β - an electron with a 1- charge

Gamma ray  - high-energy radiation that has no mass and is denoted by the symbol 00γ

Cations-Positively charged particles

Naming ions

S and P Shell Cations

Cations-Positively charged particles

Write the name of the element.

Write ion after the name.

Ex. Ca2+  Calcium ion

Naming ions

D Shell Cations

Write the name of the element.

Write the charge in Roman Numerals.

Write ion after the name.

Ex. Cu2+  Copper(II) ion

I=1

II=2

III=3

IV=4

Anions-Negatively charged particles

Write the name of the element, but change the ending to ide.

Write ion after the name.

Ex. O2-   Oxide ion