Notes

Chapter  1

Biology – the study of life

Investigation of living things

*Greeks, Romans , Native Americans, and Egyptians discovered the bark of white willow trees can be used to fight fever.

(Salicylic acidàUse to make acetylsalicylic acid aka aspirin.)

Cell Theory(group question)

Seven characteristics common to life.(group question.)

Organism –  the concept of organization is fundamental to biology to all living things

Cell – the simplest unit of such organization

Respiration – a process when a reaction releases energy

Metabolism- chemical reactions involved with the breakdown and syntheses of cellular molecules are collectively know as metabolism

Photosynthesis –the process where plants, algae, and certain bacteria can directly harness light energy top produce their own nutrients

Homeostasis – a process where living cells and organisms regulate their cells and bodies to maintain relatively stable internal conditions

Growth – produces more or larger cells

Development – a series of changes in the state of cell, tissue, organ or organism

Reproduce-  The process of forming individuals that closely resemble the parent(s) organism(s).

DNA – (deoxyribonucleic acid)  a blueprint for the organization, development, and function of living things.

*Polymer of nucleic acid with the deoxyribose(sugar)

Genes – segments of DNA that governs the characteristics or traits, of organisms.

RNA – (ribonucleic acid)  -

*Polymer of nucleic acid with the ribose(sugar)

Peptide bond –The bond formed between the amine group and the carboxyl group of amino acids.

Protein – composed of one or more polypeptide bonds.

Biological evolution – refers to the phenomenon that populations of organisms change from generation to generation

List and describe the levels of biological organizations.(group question)

Atoms- the smallest unit of an element that has the chemical properties of the element

Molecules – two or more atoms bond with each other

Macromolecule – many molecules bonded together for form a polymer such as a polypeptide

Tissues-

Organs – composed of two or more types of tissue

Organisms – all living things

Species – a related group of organisms that share a distinctive form and set of attributes in nature

Population – a group of organisms of the same species that occupy the same environment

Community – an assemblage of populations of different species

Ecosystem- formed by interactions of a community of organisms with their physical environment

Biosphere- includes all of the places on the Earth where living organism exist.

Lineage – the traditional way to view evolution is a vertical manner, which involves a progression of changes in a series of ancestors

Vertical evolution – Diagram on page 7  The diagram shows the lineage of ancestors.  What is the relationship between biological evolution and natural selection?

Mutations- random changes in the genetic material of organisms so a new species evolves form a pre-existing species

*Most mutations are lethal.

** when a mutation causes such a beneficial change, the frequency of the mutation my increase in a population from one generation to the next

Natural selection –A process in which the best suited organisms survive and reproduce.

Horizontal gene transfer – genes are sometimes transferred between organisms by other mechanisms

*Round-up resistant weeds.

Taxonomy – the grouping of species

Three domains of organisms

Bacteria –

Archaea – unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments

Eukarya – Domain that contains unicellar as well as multicellular organisms

Prokaryotic-refers to organisms that have cells which lack a nucleus and cell compartmentalization

Eukaryotic – larger cells with internal compartments that serve various functions

Cell nucleus – a portion of the cell surrounded by a membrane that contains the genetic material

Binomial nomenclature – biologists use a two-part description to provide each species with a unique scientific name.

*Why do scientists use this system?

Group question:

List, describe, and give an example of four kingdoms of the Eukarya Domain

Cougar, puma, mountain lion

Genome – refers to the complete genetic composition of an organism

What are the critical functions of a genome?(group question)

Genomics – a technology where they analyze the DNA sequence of genomes.(Genetic maps.)

Proteomes- analysis that refers to all of the proteins that a cell or organism can make

Proteomics – the analysis of the proteome of a single species and the comparison of the proteomes of different species

Bioluminescence – the ability of some living organisms, such as jellyfish, to produce and emit light due to reaction in which chemical energy is converted to light energy

Cytoskeleton – proteins are involved in cell shape and movement

Cell organization – proteins organize the components within cells

Enzymes – proteins function as enzymes to synthesize and break down cellular molecules and macromolecules

Transport proteins – proteins facilitate the uptake and export of substances

Cell signaling – proteins are needed for cell signaling with other cells and with the environment

Extracellular proteins – proteins hold cells together in tissues

Science – the observation, identification, experimental investigation and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena

Scientific method – The scientist standard approach to test an ideal concept

Ecology – the study of organisms in their natural environments

Anatomy and physiology – researchers examine the structures and function of plants and animals

Cell biology – study of cells

Molecular biology – this genetic technology enabled researchers to study individual molecules, such as proteins, in living cells.

Reductionism – reducing complex systems to simpler components as a way to understand how the systems work

Systems biology – describes research aimed at understanding how the properties of life arise by complex interactions.

Hypothesis – a proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon

Predictions – expected outcomes that can be shown to be correct or incorrect

Falsifiable – a hypothesis is shown to be incorrect by additional observations or experimentation.

Theory – a broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is substantiated by a large body of evidence.

Knowledge – the awareness and understanding of information

Discovery science – the collection and analysis of data without the need for a preconceived hypothesis

Hypothesis testing -  a five-stage process followed to test the validity of a hypothesis

Control group – the collection of objects to which other collections are compared (standard)

Experimental group – the collection of objects that differ by only one factor when compared to the control group

Peer review process – other experts in the area who evaluate the paper and make suggestions regarding its quality