Notes 14

Medical Terminology Chapter 14 Nervous system.

The nervous system is the most _______________________ system in both structure and function.  It senses physical and chemical changes in the internal and external environments and  

Cellular structure of the nervous system

Neurons- cells that  

A)Sensory Neurons-  _______________________  nerves-Transmit stimuli to the  

B)Motor Neurons- _______________________  nerves- transmit impulses from the brain or spinal cord to

*Mixed nerves-Most nerves have both  

Cell body- the enlarged structure of the neuron that  

Nucleus- The “_______________________” of the cell that  _______________________  cellular activity.

Organelles-  _______________________ within the cell that perform  

Dendrites- carry impulses  

Axons- carry impulses  _______________________  from the cell body to muscles, glands and other dendrites.

Myelin sheath- white lipoid  _______________________ on the axons that act as an electrical insulator, so adjacent nerves are not stimulated and the  

Schwann cell- A specific  neuroglial cell on the peripheral nerves that  

Neurilemma-Neuralemma- thin cellular membrane formed by  

Node of Ranvier- the  _______________________  between adjacent Schwann cells that help maintain

_______________________ - Small _______________________  between neurons between an axon terminal of one cell and the dendrite of another cell.

_______________________ - the impulse within the neuron causes a _______________________  substance to be released at the end of the axon that travels across the synapse to receptors on dendrites of the next neuron.

Neuroglia-“ Nerve glue”-Cells that _____________________neurons and ____________________ them to other tissues.

*They play an important role when the nervous system is  

A)Astrocytes-Star-shaped neuroglia provides three-dimensional mechanical _______________________ t for neurons and form tight sheaths  

Blood-brain barrier-The _______________________  formed by astrocytes keeps large molecule substances from  

*This causes problems in  

B)Oligodendrocytes=Oligodendroglia-Help in the development of _______________________on neurons of the CNS.

C)Microglia-Smallest of the neuglia, which possess _______________________ properties and may become very active during times of infections.

D)Ependyma-_______________________ cells that line fluid filled cavities of the CNS especially the  

Nervous System Divisions(Table 14-1)

The nervous system is divided into two parts; the _______________Nervous System(CNS) and the _________________ Nervous System(PNS).

Brain- one of the largest organs of the body. It integrates almost every  

1)Cerebrum- largest and uppermost portion of the brain which consists of _______________________ hemispheres divided by a deep fissure that mostly separates the hemispheres.

                * Functions include sensory  

Corpus callosum- permits communication between the  

*Each hemisphere is divided into  

_______________________l- The left frontal lobe is the highest/most anterior and most  

* controls ability for language, rational and logical thinking,  

_______________________-Posterior to the frontal lobe and anterior to the occipital lobe     

*Deals with  

_______________________- Located inferior to the frontal and parietal lobes and anterior to the occipital lobe.

*Deals with  

_______________________l-Most posterior portion of the cerebrum.

*Deals with  

Insula- Located deep within the cerebral cortex and beneath the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes.

*Deals with visceral  

Gyri-_______________________or convolutions of the cerebral surface. (gray matter)

Sulci- _______________________ or fissures of the cerebral surface.

Cerebral cortex- thin _______________________ layer of cell bodies that cover the entire cerebrum.

2)Cerebellum- Controls movement and coordinates and refines it(Maintains  

*Second largest part of the brain.

3)Diencephalon- (_______________________)-Receives sensory       

A)Thalamus- receives all sensory  

B)Hypothalamus- regulates body _______________________ and controls  

4)Brainstem-_______________________brain-The pathway between the brain and spinal cord.

*Origin of 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and control  

A)Midbrain-Mesencephalon- _______________________the cerebrum and brain stem

B)Medulla- attaches to the  

C)Pons- the bridge connecting the  

Spinal Cord- ______________    ________________impulses from the body to the brain and _______________________ impulses from the brain to muscles and organs of the body

*_______________________ nerve tracts are called _______________________ tracts because impulses go up.

*_______________________nerve tracts are called _______________________ tracts because impulses go down.

__________________ portion of the spinal cord is a _______________area composed of cell  

The _____________ outer area is composed of ___________________ tissue of ascending and descending tracts.

*Spinal nerves are identified by the region of the vertebral column from which they

Meninges- The _______________________of the brain and spinal cord that provide  

A)Dura mater-Outmost covering is ____________      ___________and primarily connective tissue.

Subdural space- A _______________________ located below the dura mater  filled with serous fluid

B)Archoidnoid- Middle covering that has a _______________________appearance.

Subarachnoid space- cavity contains _______________________ fluid(CSF)-which acts as a  

C) Pia mater-Innermost covering of the meninges that contain blood vessels and lymphatic to  

_______________________- collection of fluid in the brain

_______________________-Spaces in the brain and spinal cord through which CSF circulates.

PNS-Peripheral Nervous System-Composed of all nervous tissue ___________________ of the spinal column and skull.

*Includes  

Cranial nerves- consist of fibers that may serve a sensory or motor function or a mixture of both(Figure 14-3)

*_______________________nerves are also known as _______________________nerves because they move impulses to the CNS

*_______________________nerves are also known as _______________________nerves because they move impulses away from the CNS

*An example of a nerve that is _______________________ is the facial nerve.  The nerve sends impulses for taste and receives information to smile.

Spinal nerves- mixed nerves that have __________      _____________of attachment to the spinal cord

Somatic nervous system- controls _______________________movements

Autonomic nervous system- controls _______________________ movements

A)sympathetic-“_______________________”-Produces vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and slowing gastrointestinal activity.

B) _______________________-Produces vasodilation, _______________ heart rate, lower blood pressure, and normal gastrointestinal activity.

Pathology-Damage to the brain and spinal cord invariably causes signs and symptoms in other parts of the body.

_______________________- common symptoms of many neurological disorders

A)Bell Palsy-_______________paralysis caused by functional disorder of the seventh cranial nerve caused by the  

Symptoms may include numbness  

Other symptoms are:

Asthenia- (weakness of muscles)

Keratitis- corneal infection caused by the  

Dysphasia- _______________________ Difficulties due to lack of muscle control.

B)Cerebrovascular Disease(CVD)-Commonly associated with strokes or cerebrovascular accidents(CVA)

1)Ischemic stroke-(80 % of all strokes)-Caused by narrowing of the _____________      __________which starves the brain of oxygen.

2)Intracerebral hemorrhage-Caused by a _______________________ of the artery in the brain.

3)Subarachnoid hemorrhage-______________ is released into the_____________surrounding the brain.(usually fatal)

Symptoms may include:

Hemiparesis- weakness in one  

Hemiplegia- _______________________of half the body

Aphasia- inability to  

Ataxia- lack of  

*If CVA is mild, a person may  

*__________        _____________pressure contributes to the disease.

C)Seizure Disorders(_______________________and _______________________ seizure disorders are called epilepsies.)

Dysrhythmias- electrical disturbance that results in  

Two major seizures are  

*Usually need  

D)Parkinson Disease-Also called “

*Symptoms include _______________________- (decreased speed of movement)-tremors, large joint stiffness, uncontrollable nodding, and shuffling gait.

Caused by lack of  

E)Multiple Sclerosis(MS)-Progressive_______________________disease of the CNS.

Characterized by inflammation, hardening, finally _______________________- (loss of myelin)

*Symptoms include

*The cause is _______________________, but it is common among _______________________ between 20-40 and death may result in 7-30 years.

F)Alzheimer Disease-is a progressive neurological disorder that causes

.

*There is also a decline in social skills and ability to carry out

*Most people undergo

Plaques-Small _______________________ that develop in the cerebral cortex and _______________________the passage of electrochemical signals between cells.

G)Mental Illness-An array of psychological

Psychosis-a severe _______________________disorder in which thought and emotions are so impaired that contact is lost

Delusions- _______________________ beliefs despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary

Hallucinations- Senses things that are   

Neurosis-Mental disorder commonly characterized by  

Ex. Fear of dogs as an adult, because a dog  

Phobias- ______________       _________of things, which is a form of neurosis.

Hysterias- A form of neurosis, which exaggerates   

Obsessive compulsive disorder-A form of neurosis which irrational uncontrolled performance of ____________________   actions for fear of a dire consequence

Psychiatrist-A medical specialist that _______________________and _______________________ serious mental  illness through prescription  

Clinical psychologist-Individual that is trained in evaluating human  

Oncology

Intracranial tumors can arise from any structure within the cranial cavity, including pituitary and pineal glands, cranial nerves, and the arachnoid and pia mater(Leptomeninges)

Many of these sites could result from _______________________ spread.

Papilladema- optic disc in the back of eyeballs swell due to increased  

Computed Topography(_______) Scan and magnetic resonance imaging(_______) help diagnosis of various tumors.