Notes 13

Chapter 13 Endocrine System Notes

The endocrine system comprises a network of_________________ glands that produce specific effects on body functions.

Hormones-  chemical substances that act like _________________molecules in the body. 

Exocrine gland-Glands that release their secretions through a _________________

Target organs/ Target tissues- the _________________or _________________that are _________________ to the effects of hormones

Hyposecretion- A hormone that is _________________ produced

Hypersecretion- A hormone that is_________________produced

Pituitary gland/ Hypophysis- the “_________________ gland” it regulates many body activities and _________________ other glands to  

*About the size of a _________________ and found at the base of the _________________.

A)Anterior lobe-adnohypophysis-Produces 6 hormones that are released  

*It also secretes 2 hormones into the  

B)Posterior lobe-Neurohypophysis-Stores the 2 hormones and  

Thyroid gland

Thyroid gland- _________________gland in the _________________system located just below the larynx.

Isthmus- strip of tissue that connects the  

_________________- (T4)-Major hormone secreted by the thyroid

Triiodothyronine- (T3)-Usually _________________   from T4 at the_________________tissue.

Thyroid Hormone(TH)-Virtually affects every cell in the body.(not adult brain, spleen, testes, uterus, and thyroid gland itself.

*TH also influences  

Parathyroid glands

Parathyroid glands- consists of at least _______________separate _____________ located on the _________________ surface of the lobes of the thyroid gland

Parathyroid Hormone(PTH)-Only hormone secreted from the prarthyroid.

*PTH helps regulate _________________balance by stimulating three target organs: bones, kidneys and intestines.

*PTH causes phosphates and calcium to be _________________from _________________, _________________ phosphate and calcium ______________in the ______________, and causes ______________to _____________ calcium and excrete phosphates.

Adrenal glands

Adrenal glands-_________________ glands- paired organs covering the  

*The Adrenal glands are composed of two parts

A) _________________cortex, which secretes:

1)Mineralocorticoids- maintain the balance of sodium and potassium (electrolytes) in the body.

*The main hormone is  

2) _________________- influence the _________________of _________________, ___________, and ______________, which help regulate glucose levels in the blood.

* The main hormone is cortisol

3)Sex hormones- Help maintain secondary sex characteristics

*

B) _________________medulla secretes:

1) _________________- Adrenaline-Secreted in larger amounts and maintains/raises blood pressure, cardiac output, raises blood glucose levels, and opens airways.

*Helps when  

2) _________________- Noradrenaline-Vasoconstrictor, which raises blood pressure.

Pancreas(Islets of _________________)

Pancreas- Functions as _________________ and _________________gland-The pancreatic duct carries digestive enzymes to the small intestine.

A)Alpha cells produce _________________ which stimulates the release of glucose from the storage site in the liver through a process called _________________. (This causes blood glucose levels to rise as glycogen i

*Alpha cells are _________________ during _________________- blood glucose levels are low

B) Beta cells produce _________________ which causes glucose to enter body cells to be used for energy and causes the liver to store  

*Beta cells are _________________during _________________- blood glucose levels are high

Pineal gland

Pineal gland-The exact _________________ is _______      __________, but it does secretes the hormone  

*Melatonin may delay puberty development and inhibit ovulation.

Pituitary disorders lead to  

Thyroid disorders are common and may develop at any time during life.

*May be caused by development problems,  

_________________is found in infants and may lead to low blood levels, mental retardation, weight gain, and sluggishness.

*This hypothyroidism is not notice prior to birth, because the fetus gets  

_________________ hypothyroidism in adults that leads to edema, low blood levels T3 and T4, mental retardation, weight gain, and sluggishness.

Graves disease- The most common disorders of _________________ which causes elevated metabolic rates, abnormal weight loss, excessive perspiration, muscular weakness, emotional instability, and exophthalmos- (eyes that are protrude due to edema behind the eyes.)

_________      ________- This generally accompanies Graves disease as the ______________ glands _______________ due to hyperthyroidism.

Parathyroid Disorders

Hypoparathyroidism- inadequate parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion can result in _________________- (decreased blood calcium levels)

*Commonly caused by  

Tetany- muscle _________________ and _________________ caused by neurons depolarizing due to  

Hyperparathyroidism- excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion

Osteitis fibrosa cystica- _________________ of bones caused by high levels of PTH.

Osteoporosis- making bones porous from demineralization which makes bones more susceptible to  

_________________-benign glandular tumor of the parathyroid.

Von Reckinghausen disease-Excess PTH that causes additional  

Nephrolithiasis-  

Disorders of the Adrenal glands

Addison disease- caused by a _________________ of _________________ hormones  as a result of cortex damage or atrophy.

*The adrenal gland has  

Hyponatremia- low blood  

*symptoms include muscular weakness, anorexia, gastrointestinal symptoms, fatigue, hypoglycemia, and hypotension.

Hyperkalemia- high serum  

Cushing syndrome- cluster of symptoms caused by excessive amounts of

*Caused by long-term steroid use, excessive cortisol, or Cushing disease.

*Cushing syndrome alters carbohydrate and protein _________________as well as  

*Overproduction of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids causes hyperglycemia and  

*Treatment may include surgery, radiation, or drug therapy.

Adrenal Medulla

Pheochomocytoma-_________________secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine due to  

*Stress, fear, palpitations, headaches, visual blurring, muscle spasms, and sweating.

Pancreatic Disorders

Diabetes mellitus(DM)-Diabetes-most  

*Insulin is not

*Genetics is a factor, but _________________ and lack of _________________seem to increase the chance of developing diabetes.

*Other symptoms may include:

_________________- excessive hair growth in unusual places

_________________- glucose is excreted in the urine

_________________- increased appetite

Type 1 diabetes=insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(IDDM)=juvenile diabetes=Diagnosed in children and young adults-

*I_________________ of insulin are needed to maintain normal levels.

Type 2 diabetes= noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM)=Onset is usually _________________ in life, and is the most common  and  

Type 1 symptoms: primary complications include ketoacidosis(DKA)-

Secondary complication include diabetic _________________ (may lead to blindness) and _________________ that leads to destruction of the kidneys.

Gestational diabetes-May develop during pregnancy due to  

*Mothers with type 1 or type 2 diabetes are 3 times more likely to give birth to babies with

* Gestational diabetes_________________after the child is born

Oncology

A)Pancreatic Cancer-Only has a  

*

Adenocarcinomas- epithelial tumors that arise on the  

Hyperglycemia- an upset in carbohydrate metabolism and disturbance in _______       ____      ______metabolism with subsequent rise in the concentration of  

B)Pituitary tumors-Generally not malignant.

*Symptoms include headaches, blurred vision,  

*Radiation and/or excision is needed

C)Thyroid carcinoma-Cancer of the thyroid is generally painless.

*

*Radiation and/or excision is needed

Pharmacology

Hormone Replacement Therapy(HRT)-Synthetic thyroid and