Notes 

Unit 3-2 notes pages 29-52

Condensation- The change of state from a gas to a liquid.

Vaporization- The change of state from liquid to gas.

Fusion- The change of state from a liquid to a solid.

Sublimation- The change of state from a solid to a gas.

Potential energy- the stored energy due to the interactions between particles or objects

Thermal Energy- Total energy of a system that is dependent on the number of particles in the system

Solutions: substances in a solution are uniformly mixed.

Solute: the substance being dissolved in a solvent

Solvent: the substance in which a solute is dissolved.

(Solute + Solvent=Solution)

1. Mass Percent= mass of solute(100%)

                                mass of solution

*Solution=Solute + Solvent

Ex. If 20 g of sugar are dissolved to form 100 g of sugar solution, what is the % mass?

20/100 X 100 %= 20 %

2. Vol Percent= vol. of solute(100%)

                          Vol. of solution

Ex. If 200 ml of methanol are mixed with 400 ml of water, what is the % volume?

200 ml + 400 ml =600 ml of solution

200/600 X 100 %= 33 %

Solubility=The maximum amount of solute that dissolves at a given temperature.

*Solvation=The process of surrounding solute particles with solvent particles.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOLUTIONS BASED ON CAPCITY OF SOLUTE

Saturated solution=A mixture that contains the maximum amount of solute at a given temperature and pressure.

Unsaturated solution=A mixture that contains less than the maximum amount of solute at a given temperature and pressure.

Supersaturated solution=A mixture that contains more than the maximum amount of solute at a given temperature and pressure.

Ions=Charged particles.

Electrolytes=Substances that form ions in water and conduct electricity.

Nonelectrolytes=Substances that do not form ions in water and do not conduct electricity.

Ionization=A process of forming ions in a liquid.

Dissociation=The process in which an ionic solid separates into ions.

*Colligative property=

A quality of a solution that changes due to the number of particles of the solute present.

(The more solute that is added, the greater the change to the property measured.)

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS

1.*Lowers vapor pressure=Each additional level of the molal concentration lowers the vapor pressure a constant amount.

(The more solute that is added, the lower the vapor pressure.)

2.Raises boiling point=Each additional level of the molal concentration raises the boiling point a constant amount.

(The more solute that is added, the higher the boiling point.)

3.*Lowers freezing point=Each additional level of the molal concentration lowers the freezing point a constant amount.

(The more solute that is added, the lower the freezing point.)

Nonpolar=Materials have no separated positive and negative areas.

“likes dissolve likes”

Nonpolar vitamins can be stored in fat. Vitamins D.E.A.K.

Polar vitamins are dissolved in water and must be replaced by eating healthy!!!

List the factors that affect solvation, and then list how it is affected.

1.Agitation=Stirring or shaking a mixture increases solvation.

2.Surface Area=Increasing the surface area increases solvation.

3.Temperature=Increasing the temperature increases solvation.

FOUR STATES/PHASES OF MATTER

1.Solids-A state of matter that has fixed shape and fixed volume.

2.Liquid- A state of matter that has variable shape and fixed volume.

3.Gas- A state of matter that has variable shape and variable volume.

4.Plasma-Molten material with a charge.

Ions in the D-shell

Write the name followed by the roman numeral for the charge.

I= +1

II=+2

III=+3

IV=+4

Cadmium-114 IV ion    114 48Cd+4