Notes 10

Chapter 10: Musculoskeletal System

Appendage- Any body part attached to a ____________  ____________

Articulation- Place of  ____________   between two or more ________; also called joint.

Arthritis- ____________ ________ of a  ____________  ; usually accompanied by pain, swelling and, commonly, changes in structure.

Cruciate Ligaments- Ligaments that  ____________   each other, forming an X within the notch between the femoral condyles.

Hematopoiesis- Production and development of  ____________  cells, normally in the  

Meatus- An  ____________   or  ____________  through any part of the body.

Muscle tissue- Composed on  ____________  cells or  ____________  that provide  ____________  of an organ or body part.

3 types of muscles

• 1. Skeletal muscles (voluntary or ____________  muscles)- are muscles whose action is under voluntary control.

  2. Cardiac muscle- found only in the heart, is unique for its branched interconnections, and it makes up most of the wall of the  ____________  . Striated, and experiences rhythmic  

     1.  

  3. Smooth muscles (____________  or  ____________  muscles) are muscles whose actions are involuntary. Found principally in visceral  ____________  , walls of the arteries, walls of respiratory passages, and urinary and reproductive ducts. Contraction is controlled by  

Attachments- Muscles attach to bones either by fleshy or fibrous attachments.

• 1. ____________ attachments- Muscle fibers arise  

     1.  Weaker than fibrous attachment.

  2. Fibrous attachments- Connective tissue converges at the end of the muscle to become continuous and indistinguishable from the periosteum.

• • 1. A)Aponeurosis-When fibrous attachment _____    __   ___  ___ of a particular bone.

    2. B)Tendons-When connective tissue fibers form a cord or strap.

    3. *connect  .

    4. C)Ligaments connect  

    5.  

Bones provide the

Bone Types-

• 1. ____________ bones- Somewhat cube shaped. Consist of a core of spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone that is enclosed in a thin surface layer of compact bone.

     1.  

  2. ____________ bones- Include the bones that cannot be classified as short or long because of their complex shapes.

• 1. ____________ bones- They provide broad surfaces for muscular attachment or protection for internal organs.

  2. ____________  bones- Found in the extremities of the body, such as the legs, arms, and fingers. Parts of long bone include.

     1.  

     2. Figure 10-3 p. 268 parts of a long bone.

        1. Diaphysis- Shaft or long, main portion of a bone.

        2. Distal epiphysis- end of bone, has bulbous shape to provide space for muscle and ligament attachments near the joints.

        3. Proximal epiphysis- end of bone, has somewhat bulbous shape to provide space for muscle and ligament attachments near the joints.

        4. Spongy bone- Surround by layer of compact bone.  Makes up the epiphysis. Contains red bone marrow in porous chambers.

        5. Articular cartilage- Covers both ends of the epiphysis. Is a type of elastic connective tissue that provides a smooth surface for movement of joints.

        6. Compact bone- Part of the diaphysis. Forms a cylinder that surrounds a central canal.

        7. Medullary cavity- Central canal surrounded by compact bone. Contains fatty yellow marrow in adults and consists primarily of fat cells and a few scattered blood cells.

        8. Periosteum- Dense, white, fibrous membrane covers the remaining surface of the bone. Contains numerous blood and lymph vessels and nerves.

Articulation- Various types of projections are evident in bones, some of which serve as points.

Skeletal Structure

1____________ skeleton- Divided into three major regions: Skull, rib cage, and vertebral column. It contributes to the formation of the body cavities and provides protection for internal organs, such as the brain, spinal cord, and organs enclosed in the thorax.

A) ____________ bones- Made up of eight bones collectively known as the cranium. Encloses and protects the brain and the organs of hearing and equilibrium.

Frontal bone- forms the anterior portion of the skull and the roof of the bone cavities that contain the eyeballs.

Parietal bone- situated on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone. Form the upper sides and roof of the cranium.

Temporal bones- provide a point of attachment for several neck muscles.

Sphenoid bones- Forms a central wedge that joins with all other cranial bones, holding them together.

Ethmoid bone- Forms most of the bony area between the nasal cavity and parts of the orbits of the eyes.

B) ____________  bones

Mandible- The lower jaw bone.

Maxillae- Paired upper jawbones, are fused in the midline by a suture.

Nasal bones- Two thin and nearly rectangular bones.

Lacrimal bones- Located at the corner of each eye. Unite to form the groove for the lacrimal sac and canals through which the tear ducts pass into the nasal cavity.

Zygmoatic bones- Form the higher portion of the cheeks below and to the sides of the eyes. (Cheekbone)

Vomer- Single, thin bone that forms the lower part of the nasal septum.

Paranasal sinuses- Cavities located within the cranial and facial bones.

C) ____________ - The internal organs of the chest (thorax), including the heart and lungs, are enclosed and protected by a bony rib cage.

D) ____________  column- composed of 26 bones called the vertebrae.

       Cervical vertebrae- form the skeletal framework of the   

Atlas- supports the  

Axis- makes possible the  

Thoracic vertebrae- support the ____________ and serve as a point of articulation for the  

Lumbar vertebrae- situated in the ____________  back area and carry most of the weight of the torso.

Sacrum- five sacral vertebrae, which are  

 Coccyx- Consists of four or five fragmented  

Intervertebral disks- Separate by flat, round structures.

Herniated nucleus pulposus-  

2. ____________ skeleton- consists of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

A) ____________  (shoulder) girdle- consists of two bones, the anterior clavicle and the posterior scapula.

B) ____________  limbs- skeletal framework of each upper limb.

Humerus- upper arm bone.

Radius- formation of forearm on side of thumb.

Ulna- formation of forearm opposite side of thumb.

The wrist is composed of 8 carpals

The hand is composed of 5 metacarpals

The phalanges-fingers.

C) ____________ girdle- basin shaped structure that attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.

D) ____________  limbs- support the complete weight of the erect body.

The ankle is composed of 7 tarsals

                  The foot is composed of 5 metatarsals

                  The phalanges-toes.

Joint and articulations

____________ -Points where two or more bones meet.

____________ Totally immovable joints

____________ -slightly moveable joints

____________ -(synovial joints)-Freely moveable joints

Snovial Fluid-The fluid inside the joint capsule which helps__________  the joints.

____________ is found on the end of each bone that helps ____________  the joint.

Pathology

*Joints are especially vulnerable to constant  

*____________  is more likely to  

____________  is the branch of medicine concerned with the

____________, ____________, ____________, and ______________  of the musculoskeletal disorders.

____________  specializes in treating joint disease.

Osteopathic physician(DO) maintain that good health requires proper

Bone disorders

A)Fractures-Results when a bone is broken.

1)Closed(simple) fracture= Bone is broken but no  

2)Open(compound) fracture=Results when the bone

3)complicated fracture-Results when the broken bones has

4)Comminuted fracture-Result when one end of a broken bone is  

5)Impacted fracture- Result when one end of a broken bone is

6)Incomplete fracture-Results when only a  

7)Greenstick fracture-Common in children because their bones contain more collagen. This results when the long bones  

8) Colles fracture= A break in the lower end of the  

Hairline fracture=A ____________  fracture in which the bones are still perfectly aligned.

Pathological (spontaneous) fractures- Caused by ____________ such as neoplasm or osteoporosis.

____________      ___________ and ____________ are big factors into the healing rate of bones.

B)Infections

Osteomyelitis-____________ of the bone and bone marrow.

May be  

Phyogenic-____________ forming bacterial infection of the bone.

Hematoma-________      ____ in the ____________ that becomes infected.

Necrosis-____________ of the bone.

Anklosis-____________ or ____________  of the joint

Paget disease-Osteitis deformans-Chronic inflamatin of the bone, resulting in

____________ and ____________ of the bones.(thought to be caused by a virus.

C)Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis-Common ____________  disorder in the elderly, particularly postmenopausal  

*Characterized by a decrease in  

*Common in vertebrae and  

D)Spinal curvatures

1)Scoliosis-The ____________ curvature of the spine.

*If left untreated, it may result in pulmonary insufficiency,

2) ____________ -(hunchback)-Abnormal curvature of the  

*Rheumatoid arthritis, rickets, poor posture, or chronic respiratory disease may be the cause.

3)Lordosis-____________ curvature of the  

Joint disorders

1)Arthritis-General term for many joint diseases in which  ___________________ of the joint is accompanied by pain, swelling and commonly changes in structure.

*Thought to be caused by an  

A)Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA)- ____________  disease characterized by inflammatory changes in joints and their related structures,  

B)Osteoarthritis-(d____________  joint disorder)-The destruction and reformation of bones along joints.  This may result in  

Heberden nodes-small, hard nodules that

.

C)Gouty Arthritis(gout)-A metabolic disease caused by the accumulation of ____________      ____________ ls in the blood.  These  

*

Exacerbations-

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)-Drugs that  

Muscular Disorders

Muscular dystrophy-A genetic disorder in which the muscle tissue weakens and gradually  

*

Myasthenia Gravis-Fluctuating ____________  in muscle groups.  

*This is caused by the destruction of the____________ region that responds to ____________, which is a  

*The ____________  become increasingly ____________ and may stop functioning.(Difficulty chewing, swallowing, and talking)                                                                                                                    

*Dysphagia-difficulty in  

Oncology

Primary bone cancer-Cancer that originates in the  

Secondary bone cancer-cancer that arises in another region, but ____________ to the bone

____________ malignancies that originate from bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow, and cells of the lymphatic system.

A)____________ -Start in ____________  and are generally found in the

B) Osteosarcoma-Starts in the ____________ and is common in the