Notes 9

Chapter 9  Medical Terminology Notes

The blood, lymph, and immune systems _______________ common cells, structures and functions.  Many times these three systems are referred to as separate, but all three need to work together to keep the body healthy.

Blood is a source of certain_______________ cells.  These cells rely on both the blood and lymph systems to deliver their protective  

*Immune cells may use the lymph structures(_______________ and _______________) to provide permanent or temporary lodging sites to  

Host- The _______________ which a _______________ is carried

_______________ =Red blood cells- Most numerous of the circulating blood cells.  Mature cells resemble  

*During _______________, erythrocytes develop a specialized iron-containing compound call _____________  that gives cells their  

*Hemoglobin carries  

RBC live about 120 days before_______________.  The hemoglobin inside breaks down by a process called _______________  and is reused by the bone marrow for new RBC.  The bile pigments are excreted by the liver.

White blood cells- _______________ -Protect against bacteria and foreign substances, remove ____________  from injured tissue, and  

_______________ -A process in which WBC are able to _______________ through endothelial walls of

_______________ - Most abundant type of Leukocyte.  They have a _______________  nucleus(polymorphonuclear) and exhibit

A)Neutrophils-Very motile and highly _______________.  They are the first cells to appear at an injured site.

*Neutrophil deficiency  

B)Eosinophils-Realease substnces to _______________ toxic compounds.

*Increase in number during  

C)Basophils-Release _______________ and _______________  when tissue damage occurs.

*Histamines initiate inflammation which brings  

*Heparin _______________ blood from  

Agranulocytes-Arise in the bone marrow from  

*Called mononuclear leukocytes because they do not  

A)Monocytes-Once they exit the vascular system they transform into macrophages.

* Macrophages- Voracious phagocytes capable of ingesting pathogens, dead cells, and debris found at sites of inflammation.

B)Lymphocytes-Include  

*Highly effective against  

Platlets-_______________-Not true cells, but fragments that initiate

Steps to forming blood clots

1) _______________ is released by _______________ tissue or ruptured platelets.

2) _______________ and other clotting factors combine with _______________ ions to from  

3) _______________ activator reacts with _______________and calcium ions to form _______________

4) _______________converts soluble blood protein _______________ to _______________.  Fibrin is an insoluble protein that forms a “_______________” to entangle blood cells and platelets.  This jellylike mass is known as a  

_______________-An almost clear liquid portion of the blood that  

*Plasma makes _______________between cells possible.

Blood _______________-Blood _______________ with the clotting element  

Blood Groups.

The human blood is divided into 4 basic groups  

_______________ disease(HDN)-Results from _______________between  

*Blood groups are also important in  

Blood capillaries- Small blood vessels, with a single cellular layer that allows plasma to seep out.

Interstitial or _______________ fluid- _______________ fluid that resembles plasma, but has  

Lymph System

Functions of the lymph system includes:

A)Maintaining ______     _________by draining extracellular fluid.

B)Transporting _______________away from the digestive organs.

C) _______________ and removing unwanted or _______________ products.

Lymph vessels- ________ _______capillaries in tissue spaces that terminate at the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct.

Lymph- Fluid which contains  

Lymph nodes- serve as _______________ for cellular debris.  _______________ phagocytize bacteria and harmful materials.

*The lymph nodes _______________and become  

Right lymphatic duct- Lymph vessels from the  

Right_______________vein- Right lymphatic duct drains into a major vessel in the _______________ system

Thoracic duct- Lymph from all other parts of the body enter here

Left _______________ vein- lymph drain from the thoracic duct and drains into the here

*Lymph is_______________into the blood and becomes _______________

Spleen- Acts as a _______________ by removing cellular debris, bacteria, parasites, and other infectious agents.

*Serves as a _______________ for healthy blood cells and  

Thymus- controls the _______________ system by transforming lymphocytes  

*The thymus is located _______________, which means upper part of the chest.

Tonsils- masses of lymphatic tissue located in the _______________that acts as a _______________ for the upper respiratory structures.

Immune system

Most people suffer relatively few diseases because of:

A)physical barriers(

B)Chemical barriers(

C)Cellular barriers(

D)Aquired immune response-This is a _______________of antibodies as the body is exposed to antigens, which the body identifies, destroys, and “

Pathology

APCs- antigen presenting cells

*Monocytes that _______________      _______________   property on their surface to initiate the response to that specific antigen.

Lymphocytes

T-cells=When mature these cells are found in the  

B-cells=when mature these cells are found in the  

Humoral immunity- protects against _______________r antigens, such as bacteria and viruses that have not entered the cells yet.

Plasma cells-Special cells formed from Bcells that encounter  

*Plasma cells produce _______________ (proteins) that bind to specific _______________ and inactivate,  

_______________-The term that indicates _______________    bind to specific _______________

*B memory cells migrate to _______________tissue and are available when the  

Cellular immunity(Table 9-3 p.235)

Cellular immunity- protects primarily against_______________antigens such as _______________and has the ability to  

Tc is the cell that destroys the  

Th _______________ other cells of the immune system using cytokines(

*The immune system basically __________         ___________if there are no Th cells.

Ts “shuts down” or _______________ the_______________system until the next encounter with the antigen.

TM Memory cells that are produced and remain in the  

*The body’s response to the antigen is much  

Natural Killer(NK) cell=Lymphocyte that works _______________ of the specific immune response.

*They attack any _______________ cell and can  

Anemias

Anemia-Any condition in which the O2-carrying capacity is  

*Causes of anemia include excessive  

Normocytic- Normal range of  

Normochromic- Normal amount of  

Anemia may cause the following changes to the body.

A)Macrocytic- RBCs that are excessively  

B)Microcytic- RBCs that are excessively

C)Hypochromic- Decreased amounts of  

D)Dyspnea- Difficulty  

E)Tachycardia-  

F)Pallor-  

G)Hypotension-   

H)Erythropenia- _______________ in circulation of  

I)Hypochomasia- _______________ amount of  

J)Hematocrit-Decreased _______________ of  

Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome(AIDS)

Immunocompromised- immune system becomes too  _______________ and disease  

Opportunistic infections- Disease that usually do not affect  

_______________ - swollen lymph glands

*TH cells make HIV and

Allergy

Antigen- initial exposure to an  

Sensitization- an allergic reaction

*The allergic reaction to the antigen becomes  

_______________ - When the scratch becomes red, swollen, and hardened after the  _______________ is introduced into the scratch.

Autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune diseases –Failure of the body to distinguish  

Multisystemic- disease that affects  _______________ organs and tissues

Exacerbations- Autoimmune diseases periods of  

Remissions- Autoimmune periods of

*  _______________  autoimmune diseases can be cured

Edema

Edema-Abnormal  _______________  of  _______________  in the intercellular spaces of the body.

Hypoproteinemia-  _______________  in the blood  _______________  level(especially albumin), which controls the amount of  _______________  leaving the vascular system.

_______________ specific area(Use I.C.E. treatment)

Diuretics- medications that promote  _______________

Ascites-A condition in which fluid collects within  

Hemophilia

Hemophilia- _______________ disorder in which the blood  _______________  mechanism is  _____________

*Sex-linked trait which results in a missing  

Hematomas- areas of blood  

Hemarthrosis- blood enters 

*the necessary clotting factor is given to the person to  

_______________ -The branch of medicine that studies blood cells, blood clotting, mechanisms, bone marrow and lymph nodes.

_______________ -Physician that specializes in  

Allergy and immunology-The branch of medicine involving disorders of the  _______________  system, including asthma and anaphylaxis, adverse reactions to drugs, autoimmune diseases, organ transplantations, and malignancies of the immune system.

Allergists and immunologists- Physicians that specializes in  

Infectious Mononucleosis

Infectious Mononucleosis-Mono-“Kissing disease”=Common in young adults in the  

*Caused by the  

Symptoms of mono include:

A)Gingivitis-  

B)Anorexia- loss of  

C)Hepatomegaly-  _______________  enlargement

D)Splenomegaly- _______________ enlargement

Oncology

A)Leukemia-Oncological disorder of  

_______________ - overgrowth of blood cells

Myelogenous-  Granulocytic leukocyte population affected by leukemia.

*Blastic-Embryonic cells that _______________      _______________ resulting in anemia, infections, and bleeding disorders.

*Causes not known but include

B) Hodgkin disease(Hodgkin lymphoma)-A malignant disease that affects the  

*Begins as a painless enlargement of lymph nodes typically on the neck, chest, or under arm.

C)Kaposi Sarcoma-A malignancy of  ______________      ____________including bone, fat, muscle, and fibrous tissue.

*closely associated with

*Usually  ___      ____________, only pain management.

Symptoms include

A)Pruritus-

B)Weight loss

C)Progressive anemia

D)Fever

E)Dyspnea-(Difficulty  _______________)-Caused by enlarged lymph nodes pressing on the  _______________

F)Dysphagia-( Difficulty  _______________)-Caused by enlarged lymph nodes pressing on the  _______________

*treatment includes radiation, chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant.

Pharmacology

1)Thrombolytics-Used to dissolve blood clots.(Coronary, cerebral, and pulmonary clots are the most common.)

2)Anticoagulants-Used to prevent clots from forming. (Blueberries are natural.)

3)Hemostatics-used to prevent or control hemorrhage.

Chemotherapy and radiation are commonly used to treat diseases of the immune system.

Antineoplastics  _______________ cellular  _______________  to halt the spread of cancer.

Antivirals prevent  _______________       _______________ within the cells.