Notes 15

Chapter 15 Special Senses

General sensations perceived by the body include touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.

Specific sensations include smell (__________________), taste (________________), vision, ______________  (audition), and balance.

Eye- A globe shaped organ composed of three distinct  

A)Fibrous tunic- __________________ layer of the eyeball that protects the more  

Sclera- the “__________________” of the eye

Cornea- __________________ part of the eye that lets light in

Conjunctiva- a thin membrane that __________________ the __________________ part of the eye and the  

B)Vascular tunic- (uvea)- __________________layer of the eyeball.  The uvea consists of the choroid, iris, and ciliary body.

Choroid- provides __________________supply for the entire eye

Iris- a __________________, __________________ membrane whose perforated center is called the pupil.

Ciliary body- A circular __________________ that produces  

*As this muscle contracts and relaxes, it changes the  

Lens- allows eyes to   

Suspensory ligaments- holds the bag that holds  

Accommodation- the process of the eye __________________ on things

C)Sensory tunic

Retina- the __________________    __________________ tunic that is doubled-layered.

1)Pigmented layer=The thinner  

2)Nervous=Thicker inner layer responsible for __________________and __________________ of visual impulses to the brain.

*Rods-Receptors located more peripheral, and function in dim light and sense  

*Cones-Receptors concentrated in the middle and function in bright light and produce  

Fovea- the center of the  

Acuity- __________________ of vision, this is due to the fact that the cones are located very close together.     

Other structures of the eye.

Photopigment- (visual pigment)-A chemical found in rods and cones which convert

Optic nerve- The nerve connected to the eye which __________________ impulses to the ________________  to be interpreted.

Optic disc- (__________        ________)-Area on the back of the retina where both __________________and

Aqueous humor- one of the two major __________________of the eye found in both the anterior and posterior chambers.

*Provide nourishment  

Glaucoma-A condition where__________________builds up in the eye because the

Canal of Schlemm- a small opening where aqueous humor is __________________ since the ciliary body continually produces aqueous humor.

Vitreous humor-  a __________-________substance that fills the interior of the eye.

Vitreous chamber- the interior of the eye

*The lens, vitreous humor and aqueous humor all __________________ light so the light will

Adnexa- all the supporting __________________of the eye globe

*Six muscles control the eye so that both eyes move in a  

Lacrimal glands- produce __________________ that bathe and  

*Located __________________ and to the__________________edge of the eye.

Canthi-Inner edge of the eyes where

Lacrimal canals-   pinpoint openings near the canthi to allow tears to flow to the  

Ear-The ear consist of three major sections

A)External ear- the outer portion of the ear that is  

Auricle-(__________________) __________________waves traveling through air and channels the waves to the  

External auditory canal- The canal is a slender tube lined with glands that secrete cerumen.

Cerumen- a __________________secretion in the ear canal which  

B)Tympanic cavity- (middle ear)

Tympanic membrane- (______   ___________)-a flat membranous structure drawn over the end of the ear canal

*Sound waves travel through the __________________ canal and strike the __________________ membrane causing it to  

Malleus- (hammer)-the most __________________ bone of the ossicles that connects to the tympanic membrane.

Incus- (anvil)-The __________________ bone of the ossicles that connects the malleus to the stapes.

Stapes- (stirrups)-The most __________________ bone of the ossicles that connects to the oval window.

Eustachian tube- connects the __________________ ear to the __________________ and _________________ pressure between the  

C)Labyrinth- (inner ear)=Fluid-filled system of __________________ and __________________as well as nerves that __________________ these structures to the  

Cochlea- __________________ shaped structure, filled with fluid called  

Organ of corti-A highly sensitive hearing structure that __________________ the inner surface of the  

Hair cells-Tiny __________________ endings that compose the  

Oval window- a membrane covered opening on the external surface of the cochlea

*The oval window __________________and causes the __________________ to stimulate specific _________ cells that transmit impulses along the  

Semicircular canals- Several tubes in the inner ear that are devoted to control         

Vestibule- __________________ the cochlea and the semicircular canals

Dynamic equilibrium- maintaining __________________position in response to  

Static equilibrium- __________________of the body relative to  

Pathology

Opthalmology-The medical __________________ concerned with disorders of the eye.

Opthalmologist-Physicain who __________________eye disorders.

Optometrist-__________________vision problems and eye disorders, prescribe glasses and contact lens, and prescribe drugs to treat eye disorders.

*Optomotrists are not medical doctors, so they  

Otolaryngology-Medical specialty concerned with disorders of the  

Otolarynologist-A __________________ who treats disorders of the ear, nose and throat.

Audiologists-Health care professionals who work with patients having  

Eye disorders

Ametropia- (Hypermetropia)-an   error of refraction from when light rays fail to focus sharply on the  

A)Myopia- _______sightedness caused by the eyeball being too long and the image falling _______ _________ of the retina

B)Hyperopia-hypermetropia- __________________ that is caused by eyeball being too short and image falling

Emmetropia-__________________vision in which the image is focused on the retina.

C)Presbyopia- farsightedness caused by  

*Usually occurs between  

D)Astigmatism-A disorder caused by the cornea or lens having a  

Laser-assisted insitukeratomileusis(LASIK) surgery-a procedure that permanently __________________the  

E) Cataracts-__________________ (Protein build ups) form in the lens and  

Intraocular lens(IOL)-a process of inserting an __________________ lens in the lens capsule after the opacities are removed.

Glaucoma-________________ intraocular _______________caused by failure of humor to ______________ through the canal of Schlemm.

*The increased pressure can damage/destroy  

Phacoemulsification- treatment for removal of the clouded lens by __________________ the lens using

Tonometry- a screening test that __________________ intraocular __________________ by determining the resistance of the eyeball to indentation by an  

Miotics- pupils  

Strabismus-Heterotropia or_tropia-A condition in which one eye __________________ with the other eye, so they do not focus simultaneously when  

*Stereopsis-A phenomenon known as three-dimensional space or  

*Strabismus usually causes a loss of  

A)Esotropia-  

B)Exotropia-  

Amblyopia- “__________    ________” syndrome that may be associated with strabismus.

*The pathway to the “lazy eye” fails to develop, so the child focuses with the  

Macular degeneration-A __________________ of the __________________, which is the most sensitive portion or the retina.

*The macula is responsible for the __________________ or “straight-ahead” vision required for reading,

*This may be caused by a toxic effect of some __________________. __________     ________it is ______-related macular degeneration (ARMD or AMD)

*AMD is a leading cause of vision  

A)Neovascular ARMD-________    __________-Small blood vessels form under the macula which leak blood and fluids that  

B) _______      ___________-Small yellowish __________________ called __________________develop on the macula and interfere with central vision.

Ear disorders

Common symptoms include hearing  

Otitis media-__________________ of the middle ear, which is caused by a virus or bacteria.

*Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common cause of ear infections.

*Most common infants and young children, especially in the presence of an  

Otopyorrhea- __________________ of _______ from the ear

Mastoiditis- inflammation of the __________________ process that may follow a severe   

Otoencephalitis- Inflammation of __________________tissue near the inner ear that may follow a severe ear infection.

*Recurrent episodes of otitus media may cause  

Analgesics- medications to  

Myrinotomy-Tympanotomy-An __________________ in the eardrum to promote  

*Pressure equalizing __________________ may be put into the incisions.

 Otoscerosis-Abnormal __________________ of the __________________in the  

Ankylosis- abnormal hardening

Tinnitus- __________________ in ear

Stapedectomy- __________________ of part of the __________________and __________________ a prosthetic device to correct certain hearing problems.

Oncology

Reinoblastoma-Found in children and is  

Melanoma-Found in adults and may occur in the orbit, bony cavity, iris, the ciliary body or choroid(most common area.).

*If caught in early stages, the treatment is  

Bilateral- __________________ eyes

Enucleation- __________________of the affected eye

Pharmacology

Disorders of the eyes and ears are commonly treated with _______________solutions on the _______________ of the eye or into the cavity of the ear.

Antibiotics for bacterial infections of the eye, beta blockers, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for glaucoma are common.

 Ophthalmic __________________ and __________________ for irritated eyes are also common.

*Mydriatics treat eye disorders, but also cause the pupil to  

*Miotics treat eye disorders, but also cause the pupil to