Dermo-optical perception properties
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Chetin F.E., Novomeisky A.S.
To the question of the physical nature of skin-optical sensitivity.
In the collection: "Questions of a comprehensive study of skin-optical sensitivity." Scientific notes of the Sverdlovsk Pedagogical Institute, Sverdlovsk, 1968.
fragment of the article
Having analyzed all the publications of the results of experiments on skin "vision" known to us, we have identified the main properties of this phenomenon, which can be considered reliably established.
The main properties of skin-optical sensitivity
1.With the help of the skin of the hand, both sighted and blind people recognize the signs of color and the graphic shape of objects:
a) by a contact method - rubbing fingers on a colored surface [7], [18], [36], [50], [6], [42], [64], [68], [100];
b) distant method - search movements of the palm in the air over a colored surface [27], [41], [62]. In a number of subjects, the determination of color based on skin sensitivity achieves an accuracy close to the results of color recognition using eye vision [10], [50], [71].
2. Color tones are recognized on the basis of the subjects' catching the differences in temperature and tactile order, changing in daylight according to the color optical circle scheme: the intensity of the recognized signals increases from neutral green in the direction, on the one hand, to cyan, blue, violet and, on the other sides to yellow, orange and red patterns. The red and violet ends of the color range (dark colors) act most intensely and at a greater distance than other tones, distance on skin receptors. The yellow-green, green and bluish-green middle of the color range (light tones), on the other hand, has a minimal effect and is recognized at a closer distance from the hand [52], [41], [48], [71].
In the dark, the intensity of the impact of color samples changes. The greatest effect begins to have a light-colored middle of the color range and a lesser one - its dark-colored ends [48], [41], [53].
3. In their form, the patterns of skin-optical perception are the same as the patterns of normal eye vision; in the skin-optical perception are manifested:
a) the laws of mixing color features, similar to optical and spatial mixing of color features in eye vision [10], [56], [64], [47], [71];
b) chromatic and light contrasts [40], [45], [41];
c) the Purkinje phenomenon [41], [42], [74];
d) contrast of perception of color and graphic form [9], [41], [42];
e) optical perspective [40], [41];
f) optical illusions [40], [41];
g) adaptation to light in the dark [20], [18].
4. Skin-optical perception essentially depends on the physical qualities of the environment through which the recognition of color and graphic form features occurs. By itself, the transparency of the medium to visible light does not yet ensure recognition success; the thickness and structure of this transparent medium play an important role in recognition:
a) other things being equal, the thinner the transparent medium (for example, glass), the better the hand will recognize the color tones and graphic forms [56], [101], [78];
b) color tones are recognized better through organic glass than through ordinary glass of equal thickness [50];
c) very poorly recognized or not recognized at all the signs of color through cellophane and mica transparent to visible light [41], [50], [71];
d) comparatively well defined signs of color through celluloid film and gelatin [78], [99];
e) color signs are recognized more easily and faster through a layer of gasoline than through a layer of water of the same thickness [50].
5. Signs of the color of objects are determined by hand through colored media such as light filters:
a) red copy paper [40], [50];
b) through glass filters (red, yellow, blue, green, cyan, orange and violet) [10], [50].
6. On the basis of skin-optical perception, color and graphic form are recognized through media that are opaque to visible light:
a) through metal plates and under conditions of finding colored samples inside metal cassettes (through lead, copper, duralumin, steel, brass, etc.) [11], [12], [15], [25], [27], [46], [55], [6], [10], [16], [47], [49], [50], [68], [69], [51], [4], [41 ], [42], [48];
b) through wood in conditions of finding color samples inside a wooden cassette [48], [53];
c) through an opaque rubber applied to colored stimuli, as well as through a rubber glove inflated on the hand [68], [53], [50];
d) through thick paper [50], [75], [41], [27];
e) through plastic plates [48], [53];
f) through the magnetic plate [53];
g) through bulk substances: Rochelle salt, a layer of snow [48], [50], [53].
7. Signs of color are recognized on a frosted glass screen and on canvas, onto which monochromatic rays are projected using lenses and mirrors through water filters [68], [70], [39].
8. Skin-optical perception depends on the area of the colored surface of the stimulus. All other things being equal, the larger the area of the colored stimulus, the easier, faster and more accurately the signs of color are recognized by the hand [41], [47], [71].
9. Skin-optical perception depends on the capacity of the dye layer of the color irritant. All other things being equal, the thicker the layer of the dye, the better, more accurately and faster the subject determines the color features of the sample [41], [47], [71].
10. Skin-optical perception depends on the chromaticity of the base on which the recognizable stimulus rests. If this stimulus rests on a strong colored base (for example, on a red or orange surface), then the signs of the color of the stimulus change in perception towards signs of the base color. The subjects in their definitions begin to confuse the color of the stimulus with the color of the base [73], [41].
The best conditions for determination take place when the stimulus rests on an achromatic base, on colorless glass or on narrow slats at a height of at least 60-70 cm from the floor [43], [41], [7]. [47], [71], [30].
11. The identification of signs of the color of the stimulus is influenced by nearby colored objects. If, during color recognition, you bring a screen of a different color to it from the side with your hand, then the signs of the color of the stimulus change towards the color of the screen. Likewise, if, when determining the color of the stimulus with the hand, the face and forehead of the subject are screened with any colored barrier, then the determination of the color of the stimulus by the hand is disturbed and even becomes impossible [41], [25].
12. The accuracy of color determination and the speed of perception depends on the electrostatic state of the stimulus and the receiving hand. Changes in the electrostatic state of the perceived object (plate with text, colored samples) or the receiving area of the skin (palmar surface) affect the acuity of skin-optical perception. The grounding of the stimulus also affects the skin-optical sensitivity [41], [3], [27].
13. Color recognition and skin sensitivity reading are dependent on the room temperature. As the air temperature approaches the temperature of human skin, the ability to determine colors and graphic forms weakens [46], [53], [31].
14. Skin-optical perception significantly depends on the nature of the illumination in the room. In natural daylight, the height of the color barriers (the boundaries of the sensation of the effect of color at a distance) gradually decreases from red to orange, yellow and green, and then rises from green to cyan, blue and violet. Under the conditions of monochromatic colored light, a "burst" appears, which is additional to the nature of the illumination. In the presence of an orange-yellow light from an incandescent lamp, a blue “burst” occurs (the hand's sensitivity to blue is increased compared to the sensitivity to other color tones). Under red light conditions, a bluish-green "burst" is detected. In the rays of blue light - a yellow "splash" [48], [53], [55].
15. Skin-optical perception is carried out not only in light, but also in conditions of complete darkness. Determination of color signs in the dark gives no less stable indicators than in the light. However, the very skin-optical sensitivity in the dark shows a curve opposite to that observed in daylight. In the dark, it is best - at higher altitudes - to sense a green pattern, and then the sensitivity decreases one way from green towards cyan, blue and violet, and in the other direction towards yellow orange and red. The peak gives the middle of the spectrum, the decrease - its ends. The sensitivity of skin "vision" in the dark is similar to that of normal eye vision in daylight [68], [70], [69], [67], [69], [72], [89], [99], [100] , [96], [51], [53], [48], [4], [75].
16. The process of recognizing signs of color and graphic form is significantly influenced by the physical condition of the skin of the hand. The process of perception is impaired with wet skin, especially when the hand is sweating. Recognition also deteriorates after cooling hands. A light rubbing of the palm with a dry cloth before the experiment has a positive effect [9], [10], [96], [99], [100], [71], [41].
17. Skin-optical sensitivity increases if the palm is briefly irradiated with ultraviolet rays before the experiment. Sensitization of skin-optical sensitivity under the influence of ultraviolet irradiation of the subject's palm manifests itself, firstly, in an increase in the absolute height of color barriers, that is, in an exacerbation of skin "vision", and, secondly, in the establishment of a stable distribution of the height of color barriers with a maximum in the area the middle of the spectrum and with decreasing sensitivity towards both ends of the spectrum [84], [55], [54].
18. Intense infrared irradiation of the palm before the experiment has a negative effect on the acuity of the skin "vision". After intense irradiation of the skin with infrared rays, the skin-optical sensitivity is markedly reduced [84], [55], [54].
19. Skin-optical sensitivity decreases and even disappears in those cases when the subjects were presented with stimuli with a polished mirror surface (polished plastic; polished mirrored colored glass; polished wood; metal mirror plates; paintings made with oil paint, etc.) ... In cases where the polished surface is transformed with emery into a rough and matte finish, skin-optical perception is normal. Likewise, this perception becomes possible when potholes and scratches appear on the mirror surface of the stimulus [9], [10], [50].
20. The experiments revealed the possibility of skin-optical perception of color signs on the basis of the residual radiation of the metal. Skin receptors perceive irritation from a colored sample not only when this sample is directly exposed to the metal, but also delayed, some time after this action. Subjects experience color cues based on residual radiation in the same way as when exposed to a colored sample directly through metal. The height distribution of color barriers under the direct action of color through metal and based on residual radiation is almost identical. The only difference is that the height of the color barriers, measured on the basis of the residual radiation of the metal, is somewhat lower than the measurements carried out with the direct action of the color through the metal [31], [55].
21. The ability of the skin-optical perception of the signs of color and graphic form does not depend on such factors as the presence of the experimenter, the order of presentation of stimuli, etc. only the subject, but also the experimenter did not know what stimuli were presented to the subject for recognition at one time or another [47], [55], [71]. The placement of the subject in an isolated inter-wall chamber, that is, his complete isolation from the experimenters [51], [55], [4], did not have any significant effect on the results of the experiments.
It should be noted that after appropriate training, apparently, it is possible for any person to develop the ability to determine the color of painted objects with the skin of the palm or fingers. Abilities in skin "vision" are different in people, but in any group you can find the most gifted in the perception of color by the skin of the hands and systematic training to achieve the same results that were obtained in the experiments of psychologists in the study of skin "vision" with individual subjects. In other words, the ability for skin "vision" is not a privilege of individuals, but to one degree or another is inherent in every person [68], [39], [95].
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