Attribute-based encryption (ABE) is a cryptographic mechanism for enforcing fine-grained access control to plaintext, be it a secret pin for opening a door, or a confidential document describing the strategic plan of an enterprise.
ABE vs RBAC
Most organizations currently use Role-Based Access Controls (RBAC) within applications and networks for logical access controls.
Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) is a more granular access control model. As described by the NIST, it is distinguishable from RBAC because it controls access to objects by evaluating rules against the attributes of the entities’ (subject’s and object’s) actions and the environment relevant to a request.
Reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute-based_encryption