the industry standard framerate for film is 24fps - this is regardless of animation medium (i.e. 2D, 3D, stopmotion etc.)
games run at 30-60fps
most actions have three stages - anticipation, the action, and the follow-through
'doubles' means that the animation works on double frames e.g. 12 drawings per second
this is best for 2D animation
'singles' means that every frame has a new drawing
3D works best on singles - otherwise it can look clunky
there are some exceptions e.g. Spiderverse
once a character has arrived at a stable, comfortable pose it can be held indefinitely
it's possible to hold an off-balance or awkward pose, but you must be careful with this
fast and fluid motions should be on singles
slower, low-energy actions can be on doubles
it's dangerous to animate camera movements on doubles
timing is important because it defines how an action is read by the audience
speed conveys weight and emotional meaning
laws of physics:
an object in motion will stay in motion
energy cannot be created or destroyed
every action has an equal and opposite reaction