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~ an Indian timeline: from the ancient India, which included Bangladesh and Pakistan, (see included in World History timeline), to the free and divided India, of today ~
Source 1: Inglorious Empire. What the British did to India. Shashi Tharoor. 2016. Scribe: (2017 reprinted) London & Brunswick, Vic., Aus..
Source 2:- The Cultural History of India
Source 3:- Timeline of India.
Source 4:- Middle Kingdoms of India
Source 5: wikivisually.com
Wikipedia: Hindustan.
The Middle kingdoms of India were the political entities in India from the 3rd century BCE to the 13th century CE:
the period begins after the decline of the Maurya Empire, and the corresponding rise of the Satavahana dynasty, beginning with Simuka, from 230 BCE..
The "Middle" period lasted for about 1500 years and ended in the 13th century, with the rise of the Delhi Sultanate, founded in 1206, and the end of the Later Cholas (Rajendra Chola III, who died in 1279 CE).
This period encompasses two eras:
Classical India, from the Maurya Empire up until the end of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century CE,
Early Medieval India from the 6th century onwards.
[1] It also encompasses the era of classical Hinduism, which is dated from 200 BCE to 1100 CE,[2] from 1 CE until 1000 CE,
India's economy is estimated to have been the largest in the world, having between one-third and one-quarter of the world's wealth.[3][4]
It is followed by the late Medieval period in the 13th century.
Medieval Period (550 AD to 1526 AD)
The medieval period can be divided into the following two phases:
Early Medieval Period (Upto 1300 AD)
606 AD - Harshavardhana became the King
630 AD - Hiuen Tsiang traveled to India
761 AD - First Muslim invasion by Mohammed Bin Qasim
800 AD - The birth of Shankaracharya
814 AD - Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I became Rashtrakuta king .
By the 9th century, the Cholas rose as a notable power in south Asia, under Rajaraja Chola (d.1014) and his son Rajendra Chola.
The Chola Empire stretched as far as Bengal.
At its peak, the empire spanned almost 3,600,000 km2 (1,389,968 sq mi).
Rajaraja Chola conquered all of peninsular South India and parts of the Sri Lanka. Rajendra Chola's navies went even further, occupying coasts from Burma (now Myanmar) to Vietnam, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Sumatra, Java, Malaya in South East Asia and Pegu islands. He defeated Mahipala, the king of the Bengal, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital and named it Gangaikonda Cholapuram.
Mohammedan invasion of India:
1000 - 1025 AD - Invasion by Mahmud of Ghazni
1100s AD - Rule of the Chandelas, Cholas, Kadambas, and Rashrakutas.
1120 AD - Kalyani Chalukya Empire attained peak, Vikramaditya VI introduced Vikrama Chalukya Era.
1192 AD - Second battle of Tarain between Ghauri and Prithivi Raj Chauhan III
1194 AD - Battle of Chandawar between Ghauri and Jayachandra
1288 AD - Marco Polo came to India
Late Medieval Period (1300 AD to 1500 AD)
1300 AD - Establishment of the Khilji Dynasty
1398 AD - Tamerlane invaded India. Timur, historically known as Amir Timur and Tamerlane, was a Turco-Mongol conqueror. As the founder of the Timurid Empire in Persia and Central Asia he became the first ruler in the Timurid dynasty. Wikipedia. Died: 18 February 1405, Otrar, Kazakhstan. (Moghul beginnings)
1336 to 1565 AD - Vijayanagar Empire
1498 AD - First voyage of Vasco-da-Gama to Goa
Post-Medieval Era (1526 AD to 1818 AD)
1525 - Moghul Empire foundered.
1526 AD - Babur, the Mughal ruler of Kabul, invaded Delhi and Agra and killed Sultan Ibrahim Lodi
1527 AD - Battle of Khanwa, in which Babur annexed Mewar
1530 AD - Babur died and was succeeded Humayun
1556 AD - Humayun died and was succeeded by his son Akbar
1556-1605 - Akbar the Great era:- India was a land of artisans, traders, warriors and merchants, functioning in a thriving and complex commercial networks.
1600 - India was going through a period of disintegration, collapsing Mughal authority, and in many places, conditions bordering on anarchy.
1600 AD - East India company was formed in England
1612 - 1757:- the British East India Company in India
1605 AD - Akbar died and was succeeded by Jehangir
1628 AD - Jehangir died and was succeeded by Shah Jahan
1630 AD - Shivaji was born
1658 AD - Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal, Jamia Masjid and Red Fort.
1658-1707 Aurungzebe reign and rise of the East India Company. Aurangzeb (4 November 1618 – 3 March 1707) was the sixth emperor of the Mughal Empire. He ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent. His reign lasted for 49 years from 1658 until his death in 1707. During this time, Aurangzeb greatly expanded the territory of the Mughal Empire.
1659 AD - Shivaji defeated Adilshahi troops at the Battle of Pratapgarh
1674 AD - Maratha Empire was established (1674. - 18th century) - The Maratha Empire or the Maratha Confederacy was an Indian power that dominated much of the Indian subcontinent in the 18th century. Wikipedia. Capital: Raigad Fort. Founded: 1674.
1680 AD - Shivaji died
1700s - By the early 1800s, India had been reduced into an agrarian society of peasants and moneylenders.'Reference: 1
1707 AD - Aurangzeb died and was succeeded by Bahadur Shah I
1707 AD - Maratha Empire broke into two divisions
1734 AD - Pamheiba invaded Tripura
1737 AD - Bajirao I conquered Delhi
1740 AD - Bajirao I died and was succeeded by Balaji Bajirao
1757 - 1858 - British India under British East India Company:
1757 AD - Battle of Plassey was fought
1761 AD - Third battle of Panipat ended the expansion of Maratha Empire.
1765 AD - British East India Company, after its victory in the Battle of Buxar, was granted the Diwani (rights to land revenue) in the region of Bengal. Although:
1784 AD - British EIC would not directly administer Bengal until 1784, when it was granted the Nizamat, (control of law and order).
Anglo-Maratha Wars
The Anglo–Maratha Wars were three wars fought in the Indian sub-continent between Maratha Empire and the British East India Company:
1766 AD - First Anglo-Mysore War -
1765 AD - Famine: e
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782)
1777 AD - First Anglo-Maratha War
1779 AD - Battle of Wadgaon
1780 AD - Second Anglo-Mysore War
1784 AD - British EIC gained direct administration of Bengal, as it was granted the Nizamat, (control of law and order) in 1784.
1789 AD - Third Anglo-Mysore War
1798 AD - Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
1799 AD - Tipu Sultan died, Wodeyar dynasty was restored
Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805)
1803 AD - Second Anglo-Maratha War
The Anglo - Maratha battles against the PINDARI Raiders on villages of the Coromandel coastline in 1815 - 1817, were over by the time the 46th Regiment arrived there.
Third Anglo-Maratha War, also known as the Pindari War (1816–1819).
1817 AD - Third Anglo-Maratha War begins:
1818 AD - End of the Maratha Empire and British control over most of India
Colonial Era (1818 AD to 1947 AD)
The Colonial Era started with the British taking control over almost all the parts of India and ended with the freedom of India in 1947. The major events that took place during the Colonial Era are:
1829 AD - Prohibition of Sati
1857 AD - First Indian war of Independence, known as Indian Mutiny
1885 AD - Indian National Congress was formed
1895 AD - Famine in India, 1895
1930 AD - Dandi Salt March, Simon Commission, First Round Table Conference
1915 AD - Home Rule League was founded by Annie Besant
1919 AD - Massacre at Jallianwalabagh
1931 AD - Bhagat Singh was hanged by the British, Second Round Table Conference, Gandhi-Irvin Pact
1919 AD - Khilafat Movement, Jalianwala Bagh Massacre, Rowlat Act
1937 AD - Congress won power in many states, World War II broke out
1921 AD - Civil Disobedience Movement
1928 AD - Murder of Lala Lajpat Rai
1942 AD - Quit India Movement, Rise of Subhash Chandra Bose
1922 AD - Quit India Movement suspended after the Chauri-Chura violence
1946 AD - Muslim League adamant about the formation of Pakistan
1947 AD - India gained independence and witnessed partition
Free and Modern India (1947 onwards)
In 1947, India became independent and from that year onwards, started India's struggle to become one of the leading nations of the world. Today, the country is regarded as one of the fastest growing economies of the world.
Summary of British India.
The Provinces of India, earlier Presidencies of British India and still earlier, Presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance in the subcontinent. Collectively, they were called British India.
The ranges of hills extending in a southerly direction from the Himalaya, are divided into numerous principalities, to the eastward of the Sutlej—Sirmoor, Gurwall, Kumaon, Nepaul; and many others are to be found,
Hindustan (Hindoostan) is the Persian name for India, broadly the Indian subcontinent,
Northern Hindoostan lies along the southern side of the Himalayas" It's divisions are:
Cashmir, Cashmere, Kashmir
Sirmoor State: "A princely state, also called native state (legally, under the British) or Indian state (for those states on the subcontinent), was a vassal state under a local or regional ruler in a subsidiary alliance with the British Raj.
Though the history of the princely states of the subcontinent dates from at least the classical period of Indian history, the predominant usage of the term princely state specifically refers to a semi-sovereign principality on the Indian subcontinent during the British Raj that was not directly governed by the British, but rather by a local ruler, subject to a form of indirect rule on some matters; similar political entities also existed on or in the region of the Arabian Peninsula, in Africa and in Malaya, and which were similarly recognised under British rule, subject to a subsidiary alliance and the suzerainty or paramountcy of the British Crown. Oman, Zanzibar and the Trucial States were also under the Viceroy of India, and were administered by their rulers
Gurwal or Sreenuggur: Garhwal is the land of many 'garh’ or forts. Kanak Pal was the first ruler of the state of Garhwal in 823 AD.[1]
Kumaoon, Kumaon or Kumaun,
Nepal.
Hindoostan Proper,
the Deccan.
Southern India.
In one form or another, they existed between 1612 and 1947, conventionally divided into three historical periods:
The EIC Company rule
British India
British Raj
"By the 19th century, the East India Company ruled 90 million Indians and controlled 70m acres (243,000 square kilometres) of land under its own flag while issuing its own currency, making it into the most powerful corporation in the world".
"The East India Company was sufficiently wealthy to maintain the three Presidency armies, known after their presidencies as the Bengal Army, the Bombay Army and the Madras Army, with the supreme field headquarters for commanding these armies being at Simla.[32] The East India Company's army totaled 200,000 men, making it one of the largest armies in the entire world, and was an army larger than those maintained by most European states." (Wikipedia).
1857 - India's mutiny.
After 1857, the British Imperialist developed a policy of divide and conquer by which India's people were made acutely aware of the Muslim -Hindu division and alliance and the Hindu were defined in castes, similar to the British class system, reinforced by a Brahmin elite hierarchy, which emphasised an agrarian society comprised of peasants and moneylenders, whose lives were and reduced by losing access to the wealth they produce.
"In the years after 1757, the British astutely fomented cleavages among the Indian princes and steadily consolidated their dominion through a policy of divide and rule. Later, in 1857, the sight of Hindu and Muslim soldiers rebelling together, willing to pledge joint allegiance to the enfeebled Mughal monarch, alarmed the British, who concluded that pitting the two groups against one another was the most effective way to ensure the unchallenged continuance of empire. As early as 1859, the then British governor of Bombay, Lord Elphinstone, advised London that “Divide et impera was the old Roman maxim, and it should be ours”. source: Irish Times 10 Mar. 2017 -
"The assumption which the English first made was one which they inherited from their Mahometan predecessors. It was, that all the soil belonged in absolute property to the sovereign and that all private property in land existed by his sufferance." Quotation (iv) Sir Henry Sumner Milne - Village Communities East and West. 1895.....
This is not to suggest that precolonial India was universally well ruled .. but is merely intended to reject the notion that British rapacity would have been seen as an improvement by most Indians of the time. In large parts of India during the period of British colonial expansion, fairly decent governments, broadly accepted by the people, were removed and replaced by British rulers whose motivations and methods were, on the whole, much more reprehensible than those they had overthrown." . (1)
Between 1807 - 1857, a new wave of Colonising by British social engineering saw a merger of evangelism's zeal intent of imposing a Christian reformation, an assured mission to create a civil order in the image of the English. Anglican clergy went into India, to the Caribbean, to Australia and to Africa, and their moral rhetoric was at times enforced at gunpoint, which understandably led to violent revolution.
Insurrection occurred increasingly from 1828 in India and in 1857 revolt centred around cultural interference such as banning Sati or suttee; now an obsolete funeral custom where a widow immolates herself on her husband's pyre or commits suicide in another fashion shortly after her husband's death.
Under sustained campaigning against sati by Christian missionaries such as William Carey and Brahmin Hindu reformers such as Ram Mohan Roy, the provincial government banned sati in 1829. This was followed up by similar laws by the authorities in the princely states of India in the ensuing decades, with a general ban for the whole of India issued by Queen Victoria in 1861. In Nepal, sati was banned in 1920."
1858 - 1947 - the British Raj in India
Indian National Congress (INC, often called Congress) - Quote Wikipedia:- "is a broad-based political party in India. Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. From the late 19th-century, and especially after 1920, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement, with over 15 million members and over 70 million participants.
This is a timeline of major famines on the Indian subcontinent during British rule from 1765 to 1947. The famines included here occurred both in the princely states (regions administered by Indian rulers), British India (regions administered either by:
the British East India Company from 1765 to 1857, or by
the British Crown, in the British Raj, from 1858 to 1947) and
Indian territories independent of British rule such as the Maratha Empire.
The Congress-led India to independence from Great Britain, and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire."
"The 1940 Lahore Resolution of the All-India Muslim League demanded sovereignty for the Muslim-majority areas in the northwest and northeast of India, which came to be called 'Pakistan' in popular parlance and the remaining India came to be called 'Hindustan'.[37] The British officials too picked up the two terms and started using them officially.[15]"
Source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan
"However, this naming did not meet the approval of Indian leaders due to the implied meaning of 'Hindustan' as the land of Hindus. They insisted that the new Dominion of Indiashould be called 'India', not 'Hindustan'.[38] Probably for the same reason, the name 'Hindustan' did not receive official sanction of the Constituent Assembly of India, whereas 'Bharat' was adopted as an official name.[39] It was recognised however that 'Hindustan' would continue to be used unofficially.[40]"
Source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan
1947 - India's Independence.
The year 1947 is the year in which the British Raj was dissolved and the new successor states of Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan were born.
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