16,000 BC - Ireland: During the Last Glacial Maximum, Ireland is covered in ice sheets
12,000 BC - Ireland: A narrow channel forms between Prehistoric Ireland and southwest Scotland
10,000 BC - As the Ice Age retreated, the islands of Britain and Ireland were thawing and Paleolithic peoples, curious people from Europe migrated westwards.
8,000 BC - Ireland: - Mesolithic hunter-gatherers migrate to Ireland.
7000 BC - Neolithic Europe is the period when Neolithic technology was present in Europe, roughly between 7000 BCE (the approximate time of the first farming societies in Greece) and c. 1700 BCE (the beginning of the Bronze Age in northwest Europe).
The Neolithic overlaps the Mesolithic and Bronze Age periods in Europe as cultural changes moved from the southeast to northwest at about 1 km/year - this is called Neolithic Expansion.[1].
4,000 BC - Ireland: - Agriculture (including the keeping of livestock, and crop farming) has its beginnings in Ireland, at sites such as the Céide Fields in Connacht.
3,500 BC - Ireland: -
The Neolithic Celtic tribespeople and the higher educated tier of Druids (poets, healers and spiritual leaders), had considerable knowledge of astronomy and mathematics which was applied to engineering work with stones. The megalith building culture of this period saw great mounds and standing stones and enclosures. Signs appear in caves in France, Spain and England, Europe.
B.C.E. 3200 - 1200 - BRONZE AGE
3000 BC - A Druid practice of seeking rebirth within the Earth can be seen in the great mounds, in which initiates would sit in darkness waiting to be “reborn” with the light. Examples of these in Ireland are:
Peoples of the Boyne Valley build a complex of chamber tombs and the Newgrange in County Meath (3300-2900 BCE)
In England were the circles of stone as in Stonehenge.
Period of documented history, when classical writers left behind written works about the Celts and Druids.
The Celts had "a highly sophisticated religious system, with three types of Druids:
the Bards, who knew the songs and stories of the tribe,
the Ovates, who were the healers and seers, and
the Druids who were the philosophers, judges, and teachers."
IRON AGE - 1
1,200 - 1000 BC - Ireland: -
IRON AGE - 2
1,000 - 539 BC - Ireland: - During the Iron Age, the Druids made up the higher-educated tier of Celtic society, including poets, doctors, and spiritual leaders. The legacy of this last group is the most enduring and the most mysterious.
Ancient Greece
25,000 BC - evidence of Druid spiritual practice in Europe - when candidates for initiation would crawl into caves, such as the Pinhole caves in Derbyshire - or the Chauvet or Lascaux caves in France, or Altamira in Spain, which is dramatically painted with figures of wild animals. After being initiated in the belly of Mother Earth, they were reborn into the light of day. Twenty thousand years later, in around 3000 BCE, we can see the same practice at New Grange in Ireland. source: Druidry.org
the Druids
Next came the period of documented history, when classical writers left behind written works about the Celts and Druids.
The Celts had "a highly sophisticated religious system, with three types of Druids:
the Bards, who knew the songs and stories of the tribe,
the Ovates, who were the healers and seers, and
the Druids who were the philosophers, judges, and teachers."
The third period, which lasted for a thousand years, began with the coming of Christianity.
During this time, Celtic and Druid spirituality was preserved by the Christian clerics who recorded many of the old stories and myths conveyed by the Druids, who mostly converted to Christianity. St Patrick also recorded all of t
he old Druid laws of Ireland, thereby preserving information on the ethics and social structure of the pre-Christian Celtic culture.
The final period began in the sixteenth century with the “rediscovery” of the Druids and their Celtic heritage by European scholars.
Along with the translation and printing of classical Druid texts, scholars discovered their ancestors were far from the savages the Church made them out to be.
During this period of “Druid Revival” groups and societies were established to study Druidry and Celticism, and cultural festivals celebrating their languages and traditions sprang up throughout Europe. This period of revival has grown into a renaissance which continues to this day.
Druidry.org marks four major periods of history that relate to Celtic and Druid spirituality:
Immigration to Australia
Immigrants who left their troubled homeland and came to Australia, expected that they could forge a better life, particularly in that the incentive of work maybe the reward of land grants, at least prior to 1835; This enabled some early settlers to realise this goals and aspiration. Government and private schemes competed for manpower, people and equipment brought into the country under early immigration schemes which included:
Free settlers: these began as a trickle and increased during 1810-1821, the era of Governor Lachlan Macquarie, fifth governor of New South Wales.
Soldiers and Marines: some of whom settled when their service time was up.
Convicts: Those subject to transportation for crimes and convict settlers.
Government labour Schemes - 1822-1830 and 1837-1840. Prior to 1835, money for passage was advanced to emigrants by the Government, to be paid back out of salary although many refused to pay it back, so the Government converted this Loan into a Free Bounty. The Government had an Agent-General in London after 1837, and Agents in other embarkation ports.
Settler Schemes: in N.S.W. were allowed to recruit their own workers in the U.K. and employed agents to do so.
Emigration from Ireland - http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/BSA/EmigrationIrish.htm
Sources:
Irish History Timeline - http://www.irishhistorian.com/IrishHistoryTimeline.html
Wikipedia: Timeline of Irish History.
source: Druidry.org
d to date of their marriage.
Christianity
140 AD - Ireland: - Ptolemy's Geographia provides the earliest known written reference to habitation in the Dublin area, referring to a settlement in the area as Eblana Civitas.
Saints and Kings
300 AD - Ireland: - Early Christianity 431 AD - Ireland: - Palladius (fl. A.D. 408–431; died c. A.D.
Saint Patrick:
During this time, Celtic and Druid spirituality was preserved by the Christian clerics who recorded many of the old stories and myths conveyed by the Druids, who mostly converted to Christianity. St Patrick also recorded all of the old Druid laws of Ireland, thereby preserving information on the ethics and social structure of the pre-Christian Celtic culture.
431 AD - Ireland: - According to the Annals of Ulster (and other chronicles) Saint Patrick returns to Ireland
457/461) was the first Bishop of the Christians of Ireland. Noted: He preceding Saint Patrick; (the two were perhaps conflated in many later Irish traditions).
500 AD - Ireland: - Irish warriors raided Roman Britain.
536 AD - Ireland: - A seemingly global climate event (possibly a volcanic winter) causes crop failures and famine in Ireland.
664 / 674 AD - Ireland: - crop failures and famine in Ireland. Plague followed.
563 AD - Ireland: - Irish monastic influence during the Golden Age peaks with the foundation of monastic schools by Columba and Brendan at Iona and Clonfert. (Columbanus would later set up similar institutions in continental Europe, Fursa in East Anglia and Gaul, Aidan at Lindisfarne. etc.)
Classical Old Irish
The Vikings began to raid Ireland.
795 AD - Ireland: - First Viking raids on Iona, Rathlin Island, and Inishmurray.
the Book of Kells
802 & 806 AD - Ireland: - The Vikings attacked Iona.
In 823 The Vikings killed bishops and scholars at Bangor.
By 837 The Vikings were starting to establish long-term bases in Ireland
830 AD - Ireland: - Óengus of Tallaght writes the Martyrology of Tallaght, the Prologue of which speaks of the last vestiges of paganism in Ireland
852 AD - Ireland: - Vikings Ivar Beinlaus and Olaf the White land in Dublin Bay and establish a fortress - close to where the city of Dublin now stands
876-916 AD- Forty years of peace, during which Viking raids died down.
The Irish and Norse went into Cumberland, Lancashire and Cheshire in England.
From now on, people were speaking what we call 'Early Middle Irish.'
Middle Ages,
Vikings arrive
988/9 AD - Ireland: - Máel Sechnaill demands (and is paid) "tribute" by the Vikings at Dublin (this tribute date is sometimes recognised as the "foundation date" of Dublin as a city)
1014 AD - 23 April: Ireland: - Defeat of Máel Mórda mac Murchada and Viking forces by the armies of Brian Boru at the Battle of Clontarf marks the beginning of the decline of Viking power in Ireland
1155 AD - Ireland: - Henry II of England proposed invading Ireland, but his idea was turned down at the Council of Winchester.
John of Salisbury visited Pope Adrian IV at Rome and got permission for Henry II to invade Ireland.
1167 AD - Ireland: - Following exile by Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, Dermot MacMurrough seeks support from Henry II of England to reclaim his Kingship.
1171 AD - Ireland: - Henry II of England lands at Waterford and declares himself Lord of Ireland.
1175 AD - 6 October: Ireland: - The Treaty of Windsor consolidates Norman influence in Ireland.
Norman invasion in the 13th. Century,
- lead to a Gaelic resurgence of Ireland.
1204 AD - Ireland: - Dublin Castle became the royal centre.
1210 AD - Ireland: - John, now King of England as well of Lord of Ireland, captured Carrickfergus.
1224 AD - Ireland: - The Magna Carta, which guaranteed certain rights, was issued for Ireland.
The Dominiscans and Franciscans founded their first monasteries in Ireland.
Richard de Burgh was given the whole of Connacht.
1216 AD - 16 November: Ireland: - Great Charter of Ireland issued by Henry III of England.
1297 AD - 16 November: Ireland: -The first representative Irish Parliament (of the Lordship of Ireland) meets in Dublin.
1315-1317 AD - Famine strikes in Western Europe including Ireland.
1315 AD - Edward Bruce of Scotland captured Dundalk and became high king. The next year he was crowned king of Ireland.
1315 AD - Western Europe including Ireland was hit by a famine.
C1318 AD - Ireland: - Edward Bruce was killed by John de Bermingham of Faughart.
C1328/9 AD - Ireland: - A petition was given to Edward III of England asking for English law in Ireland.
C1331 AD - Ireland: - It was decreed that there should be one law for both the Irish and Anglo-Irish, except for the betaghs (serfs).
Invading English Kings
C1330s AD - Ireland: - The Black Death struck Howth and Drogheda.
The final period began in the sixteenth century with the “rediscovery” of the Druids and their Celtic heritage by European scholars.
Along with the translation and printing of classical Druid texts, scholars discovered their ancestors were far from the savages the Church made them out to be.
During this period of “Druid Revival” groups and societies were established to study Druidry and Celticism, and cultural festivals celebrating their languages and traditions sprang up throughout Europe. This period of revival has grown into a renaissance which continues to this day.
Druidry.org marks four major periods of history that relate to Celtic and Druid spirituality:
Over sixty years of intermittent warfare occurred in the 1500s which after 1603, lead to English dominance.
Religious Wars
1539-1541 - With the Reformation underway and the Catholic church out of favour, the monasteries within the Pale began to be closed.
St Leger brought in the 'surrender and regrant' policy, which meant Irish earls and lords had to submit to King Henry VIII to keep their land.
Henry VIII was made 'king of Ireland' by the Irish parliament
1634 AD - The History of Ireland by Geoffrey Keating ( Foras Feasa ar Eirinn )
1646 AD - The Irish Rebellion
1649 AD - British parliament executes King Charles 1 (1600-1649) and kill the sympathiser Colonel Thomas Rainsborugh then war on the papists of Ireland. The parliament was lead by Oliver Cromwell.
1649 AD - Religious persecution in Ireland under an Act of Parliament attributed to Cromwell as a countermeasure to the priests influence in turning the people against the English church. Scotland's Highland families migrated to Ireland in the 17th and 18th centuries and were granted resumed lands of native Catholic Irish.
Catholic & Protestants
In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters,
dissenters this was extended during the 18th century.
Few Catholic parishes have baptism records [i] prior to ca. 1830 because Catholic priests were marginal persons in the eyes of the Anglican authorities and baptism into the Catholic faith was penalised under the law. Before c. 1830 baptism records, which could serve as evidence in a court, were seldom kept. Catholic parents had their children baptised as soon as possible after birth, usually within a week if the child was healthy, but even earlier if it was ill.
In 1801, Ireland was made a part of the United Kingdom
Daniel O'Connell. Election promise 1828: “If you return me to Parliament, I pledge myself to vote for every measure favourable to radical reform in the representative system, so that the House of Commons may truly, as our Catholic ancestors intended it should do, represent all the people.” - < http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/ireland/clare.htm >
Cottiers (rural workers) farmed subsistence crops on small plots leased from English landlords.
Over time the leaseholds were subdivided for their children, resulting in ever smaller plots, which is recognised as poor farming practice.
When they failed to weather the crop failures of 1840-1842, it resulted in widespread starvation, followed by an exodus of people to the towns.
The Industrial Revolution in Britain provided for those agrarian workers seeking to move to the town, however, manufacturing towns were unprepared for the increase in population which resulted. Overcrowding, poor hygiene and inadequate sanitation lead to regular outbreaks of cholera between 1831-1867. Crimes were borne from deprivation increased and many of those convicted of petty offences were transported to the colonies.
Emigration from Ireland - http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/BSA/EmigrationIrish.htm
Partition
1892 AD - De-Anglicising Ireland - recovery of a traditional Irish Identity.
1916 AD - Republic of Ireland - The Proclamation
1937 AD - The Constitution of Ireland - current