Utilizamos los estilos directo e indirecto para reproducir lo que alguien nos ha dicho.
Estilo directo: utilizamos las palabras exactas a modo de cita y entre comillas,
"I have to go now", she said.
"We lived in Paris for three years," Peter said.
Estilo Indirecto: contamos la idea pero no repetimos las palabras exactas. No hay comillas.
She said (that) she had to go then.
Peter told us (that) they had lived in Paris for three years.
Como hemos visto, en el estilo indirecto contamos la idea que nos han transmitido sin repetir las palabras exactas. No utilizamos comillas y la frase se suele introducir con los verbos say (decir) y tell (contar), o con los llamados reporting verbs si queremos comunicar la intención del hablante (advise, apoligise, etc.) o el tono que usó (complain, beg, etc.)
Estilo directo: "Learning English is very important", our teacher said.
Estilo indirecto: Our teacher said (that) learning English was very important.
IMPORTANTE🚨: después de say, suggest, tell y think podemos omitir "that", pero nunca podemos hacerlo con verbos como explain, complain, point out, etc.
Para pasar una oración a estilo indirecto, primero debemos fijarnos en el tiempo del verbo que introduce el estilo indirecto.
Sin embargo, si el verbo que introduce el estilo indirecto está en pasado, se producen una serie de cambios en:
Los tiempos verbales.
Los pronombres personales, los adjetivos/pronombres posesivos y los demostrativos.
Las expresiones de tiempo.
Las expresiones de lugar.
El tiempo de la narración da una especie de "salto atrás" porque los eventos que narramos forman parte del pasado.
"I have read the note," she said. > She said (that) she had read the note.
"He is working in the office now," they told me. > They told me (that) he was working in the office then.
[NOTA: Fíjate en que "tell" debe llevar siempre un complemento indirecto de persona (me,him, us, etc.)]
Si el verbo está compuesto de más de un auxiliar, sólo cambia el primero.
"My house is being redecorated," she said > She said that her house was being redecorated
ESTILO DIRECTO
He said,
"She studies English" (Present Simple)
"She is studying English" (Present Continuous)
"She has studied English" (Present Perf. Simple)
"She has been studying English"(Pres.Perf.Cont.)
"She studied English" (Past Simple)
"She was studying English" (Past Continuous)
"She had studied English" (Past Perfect Simple)
"She had been studying English"(Past Perf.Cont.)
"She will study English" (Future Simple)
"She will be studying English" (Future Contin.)
"She can study English" (Can)
"She may study English" (May)
"She must study English" (Must)
"She has to study English" (Have to)
Should, could, would, might, ought to y used to no cambian.
ESTILO INDIRECTO
He said that
She studied English. (Past Simple)
She was studying English. (Past Continuous)
She had studied English. (Past Perfect Simple)
She had been studying English. (Past Perf.Cont)
She had studied English. (Past Perfect Simple)
She had been studying English.(Past Perf.Cont.)
She had studied English. (No cambia)
She had been studying English. (No cambia)
She would study English. (Conditional)
She would be studying English. (Would be +ing)
She could study English. (Could)
She might study English. (Might)
She must study English./She had to study E. (Must/had to)
She had to study English (Had to)
Should, could, would, might, ought to y used to no cambian.
Al pasar el primer condicional a estilo indirecto, se convierte en el segundo condicional, es decir, el presente de la primera parte pasaría a pasado y el futuro a condicional con "would".
We told him: "If you phone after 7.00, we won't be at home,"
We told him that if he phoned after 7.00, we wouldn't be at home.
El segundo y el tercer condicional no cambian en estilo indirecto.
Tom said: "If I were you, I'd tell her the whole story,"
Tom said that if he were me, he'd tell her the whole story.
Sally said to her friend: "If I had been more careful, I wouldn't have had the accident,"
Sally told her friend that if she had been more careful, she wouldn't have had the accident.
Las palabras que indican lugar o tiempo (here, yesterday, etc.) , los pronombres personales y posesivos de 1ª y 2ª persona, o los demostrativos (this, these) cambian porque las personas que narran los hechos o el tiempo en el que ocurrieron han cambiado.
"I've been waiting here, " she said. > She said (that) she had been waiting there. (Dijo que había estado esperando allí.)
now (ahora) > then (entonces)
today (hoy)/tonight (esta noche)> that day (aquel día)/that night (aquella noche)
yesterday (ayer) > the previous day, the day before (el día antes)
tomorrow (mañana) > the next day, the following day, the day after (el día después)
next week/month > the following week/month, the week/month after
last week/month > the previous week/month; the week/month before
a week/month ago > the previous week/month, the week/month before
here (aquí) > there (allí)
this (este/a)> that (aquel/aquella)
these (estos/as) > those (aquellos/as)
Cuando el verbo que introduce el estilo directo va en presente o en futuro.
En este caso queremos contar algo que alguien acaba de decir, basta con suprimir las comillas y cambiar el pronombre sujeto (I, you, he, etc.) y la persona del verbo.
"I'm a very responsible person", he says > He says that he is a very responsible person. (=Dice que es una persona muy responsable.)
"I love soup," says Mary > Mary says she loves soup.
[Como ves, aquí no se produce ningún salto atrás en el tiempo verbal porque el verbo introductorio está presente]
"I love soup," says Mary > Mary says she loves soup.
Cuando la frase enuncia una verdad general o una situación permanente.
"We all learn from mistakes, " our teacher said. > Our teacher said that we all learn from mistakes. (Nuestra profesora dijo que todos aprendemos de los errores.)
"London is the capital of Great Britain," she pointed out. > She pointed out that London is the capital of Great Britain.
"Peter lives in Market Street," I told them > I told them that Peter lives in Market Street.
Recuerda que estos verbos tienen un significado similar pero se utilizan con una estructura diferente.
SAY (=decir)
No suele llevar complemento indirecto (me, you, etc) y normalmente sigue la siguiente estructura: SAY + (THAT) + REPORTED SPEECH SENTENCE.
The policeman said (that) they had arrested the burglar. (=El policía dijo que habían arrestado al ladrón)
Si lleva complemento indirecto (me, you, him, etc.), se pone la preposición "to": SAY + TO + OBJETO INDIRECTO + (THAT) + SENTENCE.
The policeman said to me (that) they had arrested the burglar (=El policía ME dijo que habían arrestado al ladrón)
*The policeman said me (that) they had arrested the burglar
TELL (=decir, contar)
Siempre lleva un complemento indirecto sin "to" detrás. Sigue la estructura: TELL + OBJETO INDIRECTO + (THAT) + REPORTED SPEECH SENTENCE.
The policeman told me (that) they had arrested the burglar
The policeman told (that) they had arrested the burglar.
The policeman told to me (that) they had arrested the burglar.
⚡🔴 Los verbos más frecuentes para introducir el estilo indirecto en afirmaciones son: say, tell, add, admit, agree, announce, answer, apologise for , boast, claim, complain, declare, deny, explain, inform, insist, mention, offer, predict, promise, refuse, remind, reply, state, etc.
"The whole city has been evacuated. " > She claimed that the whole city had been evacuated. (Afirmó que toda la ciudad habia sido evacuada.)
"Did you speak to John last night?" she asked
She asked if/whether I had spoken to John the night before.
"Are you working these days?" He enquired
He enquired if/whether I was working those days.
"Did you have lunch at home?" my mum asked.
My mum asked if I/whether I had had lunch at home. (Mi madre me preguntó si había comido en casa.)
La pregunta se convierte en una frase afirmativa y por tanto ya no hay inversión del sujeto y el verbo.
Desaparecen las comillas y el signo de interrogación.
Detrás del reporting verb ponemos if o whether (pueden usarse indistintamente).
El tiempo verbal cambia (da un salto hacia atrás) cuando el verbo introductorio va en pasado.
Hemos cambiado los pronombres adecuándolos a la situación.
La expresión temporal (last night, these days, etc.) también se modifica.
Al poner en estilo indirecto este tipo de preguntas mantenemos la partícula interrogativa (what, who, where, when, why, etc.) en lugar de poner if o whether.
"Who did you speak to last night?" She asked
She asked who I had spoken to the night before.
"Where are you working these days?" He asked
She wondered where she was working those days.
Todos los demás cambios son idénticos a las preguntas del tipo Yes/No, pero si la partícula interrogativa es el sujeto de la pregunta, el orden de las palabras de la oración se mantiene igual.
"Who told you this story?" he asked
He asked who had told us that story.
"Who were you talking to?" Molly asked.
Molly asked who I had been talking to. (Molly preguntó con quién había estado hablando.)
⚡🔴 Los verbos más frecuentes para introducir el estilo indirecto en preguntas son: ask, enquire, wonder, want to know o request.
⚡🔴 Common reporting verbs: demand, tell, order, shout, warn, etc.
Las órdenes se suelen expresar en imperativo pero al ponerlas en estilo indirecto:
El imperativo pasa a infinitivo manteniendo la forma afirmativa o negativa. Cuando se trata de una oración negativa, se pone not delante de to.
He said, "Stay here" > He told us to stay there.
She shouted, "Don't move!" > She ordered us not to move.
"Please don't be angry with me." > He begged me not to be angry with him. (Me suplicó que no estuviera enfadada con el.)
El verbo que introduce el estilo indirecto debe indicar el matiz de "mandar", por eso nunca se usa say, sino tell, order o instruct, que deben llevar un complemento indirecto, es decir, a la persona a quien se le da la orden.
He said, "Be quiet." > He told us to be quiet.
He said, "Please don't shout." > He ordered me not to shout.
🔴 Fíjate que al traducir las órdenes en estilo indirecto al castellano empleamos el subjuntivo.
He said, "Be quiet." > He told me to be quiet (= Me dijo que me callara).
Utilizamos los verbos ask (pedir), demand, beg (suplicar), request, etc. delante de la persona a quien pedimos algo, y la petición en infinitivo con "to". Si queremos hacer invitaciones podemos utilizar invite, si queremos hacer advertencias warn y si queremos dar consejo advise.
"Say that again, please," he said > He asked me to say that again.
"Don't do that again," she warned > She warned us not to do that again.
"You should come to see the parade, " they said. > They invited us to see the parade. (Nos invitaron a ver el desfile.)
Si en el estilo directo aparece la palabra please, en estilo indirecto se omite al considerarse que está implicita en los verbos ask, beg, etc.
"Please stop the car, " the policeman said. > The policeman told me to stop the car. (El policia me dijo que parase el coche.)
"Could you please hold the door?" the woman asked. > The woman asked me to hold the door. (La mujer me pidió que sujetara la puerta.)
"John, don't open the windows, please," I said. > I asked/requested/begged John not to open the window.
Si en la petición aparece el verbo let, lo ponemos en infinitivo con to y omitimos el modal que le precede.
"Can you let me use your phone, please?" I asked my neighbour. > I asked my neighbour to let me use her phone.
Si no aparece let, mantenemos el modal.
I asked my neighbour if I could use her phone.
Las sugerencias pueden expresarse en inglés de varias maneras. Con:
Let's... (=Vayamos...)
"Let's go to the theatre!" she said. (¡Vayamos al teatro!)
Why don't we... (=Por qué no + oración)
"Why don't we go to the theatre?" she said. (¿Por qué no vamos al teatro?)
Shall we... (no translation)
"Shall we go to the theatre?" she said. (¿Vamos al teatro?)
Why not... (=Por qué no + infinitivo)
"Why not go to the theatre?" she said. (¿Por qué no ir al teatro?)
Para pasar una sugerencia a estilo indirecto, la introduciremos con los verbos suggest o recommend, que pueden ir seguidos de (1) un gerundio o (2) una oración subordinada introducida por "that".
Fíjate en el siguiente ejemplo:
"Let's not argue again," he said.
(1) He suggested not argueing again
(2) He suggested that they not argue again (FORMAL WRITTEN ENGLISH)
Un gerundio (lo más frecuente)
"Let's go to the theatre," She said > She suggested going to the theatre. (Ella sugirió ir al teatro)
"We should read it all over again, " my colleague said. > My colleague recommended reading it all over again. (Mi compañero de trabajo sugirió leerlo todo otra vez.)
2. Una oración subordinada introducida por that en subjuntivo presente: [that + sujeto + (not) forma base del verbo (sin to)] (es el subjuntivo en inglés y no es tan frecuente) 🔴🔴🔴 INGLÉS FORMAL Y ESCRITO 🔴🔴🔴
"Let's go to the theatre," She said > She suggested that we go to the theatre. (Ella sugirió ir al teatro)
"You shouldn't take yoga classes, " Brian said. > Brian recommended that I not take yoga classes. (Brian me recomendó ir a clase de yoga.)
"You should study harder," her brother suggested > Her brother suggested that she study harder. ***
⭐❗*** Con suggest, recommend y propose se utiliza una estructura de subjuntivo presente en la que el verbo no cambia, es decir, no se añade la "-s" de la tercera persona tras he, she, o it. El verbo permanece en la forma base. Si te suena extraña la frase, prueba a poner un should delante del verbo.
"You should study harder," her brother suggested > Her brother suggested that she SHOULD study harder. ***
Videos
Statements
Questions
Orders, Requests & Suggestions
Exercises
Questions no one knows the answers to