TYPICAL STRUCTURES
so + adjetivo → such (a) + (adjetivo) + nombre
🔹 The movie was so interesting that I watched it twice 🔁 It was such an interesting movie that I watched it twice.
too + adjetivo → not + adjetivo + enough
🔹 This bag is too heavy to carry 🔁 This bag is not light enough to carry.
simple past (con 'ago') → present perfect (continuous) con 'since' o 'for'
🔹 She left the company five years ago 🔁 She has been working somewhere else for five years.
adjetivo acabado en -ed → adjetivo acabado en -ing
🔹 I was bored during the lecture 🔁 The lecture was boring.
I've never → It's the first time
🔹 I’ve never seen a whale before 🔁 It’s the first time I’ve seen a whale.
oración condicional con verbo en negativa --> oración condicional con 'unless' y verbo en afirmativa.
[If + not → Unless + afirmativa]
🔹 If you don’t study, you won’t pass the exam🔁 Unless you study, you won’t pass the exam.
I wish → If only (deseos o lamentaciones)
🔹 I wish I had studied harder for the test.
🔁 If only I had studied harder for the test.
8. Comparativo ↔ Superlativo
🔹 She is the tallest in the class.
🔁 No one in the class is taller than her.
🔹 No one runs faster than Tom.
🔁 Tom is the fastest runner.
oración con verbo en negativa seguido de 'any' y/o sus compuestos --> oración con verbo en afirmativa seguido de 'no' o sus compuestos
Verbo en negativa + any → verbo en afirmativa + no
🔹 He doesn’t have any friends here.
🔁 He has no friends here.
Transformaciones con 'although' --> 'even though' --> in spite of (+ nombre / v-ing / the fact that ) --> despite (+ nombre / v-ing / the fact that)
1although / even though / in spite of / despite
🔹 Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
🔁 Even though it was raining, we went for a walk.
🔁 In spite of the rain, we went for a walk.
🔁 Despite the rain, we went for a walk.
When + verbo interrogativo pasado → How long + present perfect interrogativa
🔹 When did you start learning French? 🔁 How long have you been learning French?
It’s (about) time + pasado simple → sujeto + should + infinitivo sin 'to'
🔹 It’s time we left 🔁 We should leave.
Verbo en negativa → can’t afford
🔹 I can’t buy that car 🔁 I can’t afford that car.
Pasado + adverbio de frecuencia → used to + infinitivo
🔹 He often played chess when he was younger 🔁 He used to play chess when he was younger.
Oración presente que indique frecuencia → be used to + gerundio
🔹 She normally wakes up early 🔁 She is used to waking up early
I'd rather (+V) → I'd prefer (+ to inf)/ You'd better (+ V)
🔹 I’d rather stay home tonight 🔁 I’d prefer to stay home tonight.
A) He speaks too quickly for me to understand. || He doesn’t speak…
B) You can borrow the car, but you’ve got to fill it up with petrol. || Provided…
C) Lots of people believe that the criminal is living abroad. || The criminal is…
D) I don’t think it’s a good idea for the press to report such negative stories. || In my opinion the press…
A) Her accent is so strong that some people can’t understand her. || She speaks with …
B) ‘Don’t forget to buy some milk, Amy,’ I said. || I reminded…
C) A young Hungarian scientist was redesigning the reactor. || The reactor…
D) He worked very hard. That’s why he felt so tired. || If he hadn’t…
A) The priest asked tourists to be silent during mass services. || The priest asked tourists not to…
B) You won’t get an extra mark if you don’t come to class regularly. || Unless…
C) Ted had to look after his little cousin while her parents went to work. || Ted’s little cousin…
D) ‘I am so deeply sorry that I was late for the meeting,’ said Donald. || Donald apologized…
A) The question was so difficult that I had to ask for help. || It was…
B) The waiter will politely ask customers to take their call in a special room for phone conversations. || The customers…
C) ‘Will you be here tomorrow?’ she asked. ‘Yes,’ I answered. || She wanted to know if I…
D) It’s not necessary to wait; we can go straight in. || There is …
A) He doesn’t speak slowly enough for me to understand.
B) Provided you fill the car up with petrol, you can borrow it.
C) The criminal is believed to be living abroad.
D) In my opinion the press should not report such negative stories.
A) She speaks with such a strong accent that some people can’t understand her.
B) I reminded Amy to buy some milk.
C) The reactor was being redesigned by a young Hungarian scientist.
D) If he hadn’t worked so hard, he wouldn’t have felt so tired.
A) The priest asked tourists not to make (any) noise during mass services.
B) Unless you come to class regularly, you won’t get an extra mark.
C) Ted’s little cousin had to be looked after while her parents went to work.
D) Donald apologized for being late for the meeting.
A) It was such a difficult question that I had to ask for help.
B) The customers will politely be asked to take their call in a special room for phone conversations.
C) She wanted to know if I would be there the following/next day, and I answered/said that I would.
D) There is no need to wait; we can go straight in.
A) How much does that computer cost? || I’d like to know how…
B) My advice is to save some of your income for next year’s holidays. || If I…
C) I didn’t recognize Mary at first sight. || Mary…
D) ‘If the lift stops between two floors, press the emergency button,’ he said. || He told me to…
A) I like black tea more than decaffeinated coffee. || I prefer…
B) ‘If I were you, I wouldn’t buy the car, Tom,’ said his neighbour. || Tom’s neighbour advised…
C) The film was so long that we missed our last bus. || It was…
D) Thieves broke into our house while we were on holiday. || Our house…
A) Jerry didn’t steal the jewels. He didn’t know where the key to the safe was. || Jerry can’t…
B) Tom’s level of English was not good enough so, as a result, he was not given the job. || If Tom’s level of English had…
C) The Prime Minister was to have opened the new national museum. || The new national museum was…
D) I ate all the ice-cream and now I regret it. || I wish…
A) It’s a pity she did not insure her personal computer. || She wishes…
B) It isn’t necessary to translate every word. || You…
C) The new managing director is going to offer Sue a full-time job. || Sue is…
D) I couldn’t drink the coffee because it was too hot. || The coffee was…
A) I’d like to know how much that computer costs.
B) If I were you, I would save some of your income for next year’s holidays.
C) Mary wasn’t recognized at first sight.
D) He told me to press the emergency button if the lift stopped between two floors.
A) I prefer black tea to decaffeinated coffee.
B) Tom’s neighbour advised him not to buy the car / advised him against buying the car.
C) It was such a long film that we missed our last bus.
D) Our house was broken into while we were on holiday.
A) Jerry can’t have stolen the jewels because he didn’t know where the key to the safe was.
B) If Tom’s level of English had been better, he would have been given the job.
C) The new national museum was to have been opened by the Prime Minister.
D) I wish I hadn’t eaten all the ice-cream.
A) She wishes she had insured her personal computer.
B) You don’t have to translate every word.
C) Sue is going to be offered a full-time job by the new managing director.
D) The coffee was so hot that I couldn’t drink it / The coffee was too hot for me to drink (it).
A) I was ill, but I went swimming anyway. || In spite…
B) ‘I’m sorry I was a little distracted at the meeting yesterday,’ Jane said to me. || Jane apologized…
C) I think you were wrong to reveal the secret! || You shouldn’t…
D) By this time tomorrow we will have signed the agreement. || By this time tomorrow the agreement…
A) I had cleaned all the windows before the storm. || All the windows…
B) ‘Donald, are you British or American?’ Jane inquired. || Jane asked…
C) The train left at 6 o’clock and we arrived just after that. || When we…
D) The cat hasn’t come home, which is strange. || It…
A) How much does the new iPad Pro cost? || I’d like to know how…
B) My advice is to choose a direct flight to Australia. || If I…
C) Tom couldn’t convert the audio files with VLC. || The new files…
D) ‘Why don’t we spend the day at the beach?’ said Carlos. || Carlos suggested…
A) ‘I wouldn’t buy that diesel car, Tom, if I were you.’ || I advised…
B) The new Labour Government is building hundreds of community houses at the moment. || Hundreds of community houses…
C) Nobody in the class cooks better than Sam. || Sam is…
D) I found a man’s wallet. He gave me a reward. || The man whose…
A) In spite of my illness, I went swimming.
B) Jane apologized for being a little distracted at the meeting the day before/the previous day.
C) You shouldn’t have revealed the secret!
D) By this time tomorrow the agreement will have been signed.
A) All the windows had been cleaned before the storm.
B) Jane asked Donald whether he was British or American.
C) When we arrived (at 6 o’clock), the train had already/just left.
D) It is strange that the cat hasn’t come home.
A) I’d like to know how much the new iPad Pro costs.
B) If I were you, I would choose a direct flight to Australia.
C) The new files couldn’t be converted with VLC.
D) Carlos suggested spending the day at the beach.
A) I advised Tom not to buy the diesel car (I advised Tom against buying the diesel car).
B) Hundreds of community houses are being built by the new Labour Government at the moment.
C) Sam is the best cook in the class.
D) The man whose wallet I found gave me a reward.
a) I bought some red wine; it tasted like ink. // The red wine…
b) She is unhappy because she is ill. // She wishes…
c) I played tennis when I was a young boy. // I haven’t…
d) This notice has been altered. // Someone…
a) The weather was so bad that we couldn’t go sailing. // The weather was not…
b) Although it was raining, we worked in the garden. // Despite…
c) I like travelling by train more than going by plane. // I’d rather…
d) ‘I won’t answer any questions,’ said the criminal. // The criminal refused…
a) The remark was so unexpected that she didn’t know what to say. // It was such…
b) If she hadn’t helped me, I wouldn’t have passed the exam. // Without…
c) ‘I’m sorry that I was rude to you yesterday,’ Amy said to me. // Amy apologized…
d) Cairo is my place of birth. // I…
a) If only I hadn’t eaten all that chocolate. // I regret…
b) He studied all night, but the exam was easy so it wasn’t necessary. // He needn’t…
c) That cat’s owner feeds it on the finest salmon. // That’s the cat…
d) ‘Don’t go out at night on your own,’ he told us. // He warned us…
a) The red wine (that) I bought tasted like ink.
b) She wishes she were not ill.
c) I haven’t played tennis since I was a young boy.
d) Someone has altered this notice.
a) The weather was not good enough for us to go sailing.
b) Despite the rain, we worked in the garden.
c) I’d rather travel by train than go by plane.
d) The criminal refused to answer any questions.
a) It was such an unexpected remark that she didn’t know what to say.
b) Without her help, I wouldn’t have passed the exam.
c) Amy apologized for being rude to me the day before / the previous day.
d) I was born in Cairo.
a) I regret eating all that chocolate.
b) He needn’t have studied all night because the exam was easy.
c) That’s the cat whose owner feeds it on the finest salmon.
d) He warned us not to go out at night on our own / He warned us against going out at night on our own.
a) Someone will have to be found to take her place. // We will…
b) For reasons I could not understand, she eventually did not allow me to pay her in cash. // For reasons I could not understand, she eventually refused…
c) Jim is too young to get married. // Jim isn’t…
d) The mobile display is still broken. // The mobile display hasn’t…
a) We don’t allow smoking in this room. // No…
b) I regret not speaking to her before she left. // If only…
c) I started this job two years ago. // I have been…
d) Their decision was greeted with anger. // People were…
a) Did the idea interest you? // Were…
b) I am sure that Maria worked very hard. // Maria must…
c) I would like to be rich! // I wish…
d) ‘Remember to write to your mother,’ I said to them. // I reminded…
a) The test was so difficult that he couldn’t answer one single question. // It was such…
b) She had to send her application for a new job several times without any success. // Her…
c) As far as I am concerned, Saturday would be the best day. // From my…
d) Both of my brothers are single. // Neither…
a) We will have to find someone to take her place.
b) For reasons I could not understand, she eventually refused to be paid in cash.
c) Jim isn’t old enough to get married.
d) The mobile display hasn’t been repaired yet.
a) No smoking is allowed in this room.
b) If only I had spoken to her before she left.
c) I have been doing this job for two years / I have been in this job for two years.
d) People were angry at their decision.
a) Were you interested by the idea?
b) Maria must have worked very hard.
c) I wish I were rich!
d) I reminded them to write to their mother.
a) It was such a difficult test that he couldn’t answer one single question.
b) Her application for a new job had to be sent several times without any success.
c) From my point of view, Saturday would be the best day.
d) Neither of my brothers is married.
a) I didn’t have an umbrella with me and so I got wet. // I wouldn’t have…
b) ‘Are you taking much money with you to France?’ // My bank manager wanted to know…
c) During dinner, the phone rang. // While I …
d) We ought to go to bed early. // It’s time we…
a) I am sure that Janet worked very hard. // Janet must…
b) Did the new photo catalogue interest you? // Were… ?
c) I would like to be on a white sandy beach of Hawaii! // I wish I…
d) ‘Remember to write to your mother,’ I said to them. // I reminded…
a) ‘When did you buy your car, Jill?’ asked Tom. // Tom asked Jill how long…
b) ‘Oh, my God! I didn’t bring my keys’ she suddenly exclaimed. // She didn’t remember…
c) For a long time the earth was believed to be flat. // For a long time people…
d) I am sure Jim had left when they arrived. // Jim must…
a) That problem was very difficult; it was impossible to solve. // We weren’t…
b) ‘What do you want to do – have dinner at home or in a restaurant?’ // Would you rather… ?
c) This is our first visit to Madrid. // This is the first time…
d) He spends an enormous amount of money on beer. // An enormous amount of money…
a) I wouldn’t have got wet if I had had an umbrella with me.
b) My bank manager wanted to know if I was taking much money with me to France.
c) While I was having dinner, the phone rang.
d) It’s time we went to bed early.
a) Janet must have worked very hard.
b) Were you interested by / in the new photo catalogue?
c) I wish I were on a white sandy beach of Hawaii!
d) I reminded them to write to their mother.
a) Tom asked Jill how long she had had / has had her car.
b) She didn’t remember to bring her keys.
c) For a long time people believed that the earth was flat / believed the earth to be flat.
d) Jim must have left when they arrived.
a) We weren’t able to solve that problem because it was very difficult / because of its difficulty.
b) Would you rather have dinner at home or in a restaurant?
c) This is the first time we have visited Madrid.
d) An enormous amount of money is spent on beer.
a) We’ll go for a picnic by the river tomorrow if it doesn’t rain. // Unless…
b) I am sorry that I embarrassed you in front of Jackie. // I didn’t mean…
c) It was a mistake to invest in that company; we lost all our money. // We shouldn’t…
d) ‘Where were you born?’ they asked. // They wanted to know where…
a) Arthur had to look after his little cousin while her parents were at work. // Arthur’s little cousin…
b) It is not necessary to wait; we can go straight in. // There is…
c) Although she was ill, she got out of bed and went to work anyway. // Despite her…
d) ‘If I were you, I wouldn’t buy an electric car, Harry,’ said his neighbour. // Harry’s neighbour advised…
a) They speak too quickly for her to understand. // They don’t speak…
b) A young French scientist has been redesigning the reactor. // The reactor…
c) ‘Will you be here tomorrow?’ she asked. // She wanted to know if we…
d) I first met Mary in 2014 and we are still good friends. // Mary and I have…
a) They couldn’t play the match because there were not enough players. // The lack of players prevented…
b) You shouldn’t phone them if she doesn’t tell you to do so. // Unless…
c) I began to worry about the company’s situation six months ago. // I have been…
d) The young award-winning architects have built a new large-capacity auditorium. // A new large-capacity auditorium…
a) Unless it rains, we’ll go for a picnic by the river tomorrow.
b) I didn’t mean to embarrass you in front of Jackie.
c) We shouldn’t have invested in that company; we lost all our money.
d) They wanted to know where I / we had been born.
a) Arthur’s little cousin had to be looked after while her parents were at work.
b) There is no need to wait; we can go straight in.
c) Despite her illness, she got out of bed and went to work anyway.
d) Harry’s neighbour advised him not to buy an electric car / him against buying an electric car.
a) They don’t speak slowly enough for her to understand.
b) The reactor has been being redesigned by a young French scientist.
c) She wanted to know if we would be there the following / next day.
d) Mary and I have been good friends since 2014.
a) The lack of players prevented them from playing the match.
b) Unless she tells you to do so, you shouldn’t phone them (Unless she tells you to phone them, you shouldn’t do so).
c) I have been worried (worrying) about the company’s situation for six months.
d) A new large-capacity auditorium has been built by the young award-winning architects.
2013 A June
A. It is believed that 250,000 Gypsies were killed during the Holocaust. 250,000 Gypsies…
B. The deportations and executions of Gypsies came under Himmler’s authority. Himmler…
C. Gypsies were not allowed to marry Germans. The German authorities…
D. “One day I noticed the Nazis making special preparations” the witness said to me. The witness told…
2013 B June
A. “The best way to lose weight is to do some exercise” said the doctor to me. The doctor advised…
B. Having between 1,000 and 1,200 calories a day can help women lose weight. Women can…
C. These calorie levels may need to be adjusted. You…
D. Vegetable oils are recommended instead of animal fats. Animal fats…
2013 A July
A. There is no longer cycling route in the Americas than the TransAmerica Trail. The TransAmerica…
B. The TransAmerica uses Twitter to facilitate communication among cyclists. Twitter…
C. All kinds of scenery can be encountered along the way. You…
D. “The Trail goes through the Grand Canyon but you should avoid it in winter” she told me. She said that…
2013 B July
A. No other Spanish company has become more successful than Zara. Zara…
B. The CNN described the company as a Spanish success story. The company…
C. Zara now has a website that allows customers to purchase its products online. If you…
D. “The company has used terror against its employees”, a reporter said. A reporter accused…
2014 A June
A. “Would you like to have dinner with me?” Tom said to Ann. - Tom invited…
B. “Shut the door but don’t lock it”, she said to us. - She told…
C. I haven’t had to make such a difficult decision for years. - This is…
D. I don’t think that a new road is necessary. - I don’t think there…
2014 B June
A. “Don’t forget to post the letter”, Jack said to me. - Jack reminded…
B. She wouldn’t allow me to read the letter. - She wouldn’t let…
C. I’ve never had such a big meal. - It’s….
D. He was angry with me because I was late. - He was angry with me for…