APTITUD COMUNICATIVA INGLES
APTITUD COMUNICATIVA INGLES
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TEMARIO CONFORME AL PROSPECTO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL CENTRO DEL PERÚ
SEMANA 2
SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
I. NOUNS
Nouns are used to refer to people, animals, objects, events, places and abstract ideas. teacher, dog, ball, table, party, house, happiness Plural Nouns In the majority of cases, to form the plural in English, we add "s" to the end of the word.
Examples:
camera = cameras
pen = pens
house = houses
car = cars
Exceptions:
1. With words that end in a consonant + "y", the "y" changes to an "i" and we add "es".
Examples:
party = parties
city = cities
2. With words that end in a vowel + "y", we simply add "s".
Examples:
boy = boys
toy = toys
3. For words that end in "s", "ss", "sh", "ch", "x" or "o", we add "es".
Examples:
bus = buses
glass = glasses
brush = brushes
watch = watches
box = boxes
tomato = tomatoes
4. Words that end in "f" or "fe", we change to "ves".
Examples:
leaf = leaves
wife = wives
IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS
Many plural nouns are irregular. There are two types of irregular nouns:
1. When the noun doesn’t change.
Examples:
fish = fish
fishes
sheep = sheep
sheeps
2. When the plural changes in an irregular manner. In thi case, there is no rule to follow and therefore is necessary to learn the irregular forms of each of these plural nouns.
II. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
We use demonstrative pronouns to describe how far or close we are from the objects (distance)
Singular and "here": (THIS)
I like this car.
Singular and "there": (THAT)
I like that car.
Plural and "here": (THESE)
I like these cars.
Plural and "there": (THOSE)
I like those cars.
Demonstrative pronouns can be accompanied by a noun, as in the examples above, or they may be found alone, as in the following examples.
Examples:
This is a good book.
What is that?
OTHER USES OF DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
1. We can use demonstrative pronouns when we present ourselves to someone on the telephone.
Example:
Hello. This is Alicia.
2. We can also use these pronouns when we are not sure with whom we are speaking.
Example:
Peter, is that you?
3. We use "this" when we are introducing people.
Example:
Lucy, this is my friend Jill.
4. "That" can be used to refer to something in the past.
Example:
That pizza was delicious
III. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE
Articles define nouns and are always located before the noun that they define. In English, as opposed to Latin languages, the articles are not gendered, nor are there plural forms.
Examples:
the boy, the boys
the book, the books
the girl, the girls
the table, the tables
"The" can be proceeded by the prepositions "of" or "to", but in English there does not exist a contraction of the article with these prepositions, as in some other languages.
Examples:
The days of the week…
I am going to the garden.
IV. THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE
Both the indefinite articles, "a" and "an", mean the same thing and are used to indicate something or someone in singular. We can never use these articles when we are referencing more than one thing.
Grammatical Rules
1. "A" is used with nouns that begin with a consonant.
Examples:
a book
a pen
a chair
a girl
2. We add "-n" to the article for nouns that begin with a vowel.
Examples:
an animal
an ice cream
an example
an orange
an umbrella
Exceptions:
We use "a" before words that begin with either "u" or "eu" when these are pronounced as "yu".
Examples:
a university
a euro
"An" is used with words that begin with "h", but only when it is not pronounced.
Examples:
an hour
a hospital
USES OF THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE
1. We use the indefinite article when we are speaking of something in general.
Examples:
He has a computer.
We work in a school.
I want an orange.
2. We can also use "a" or "an" in place of "one" (singular).
Examples:
I want an apple and two oranges.
There are a hundred students in the school.
3. We use "a" or "an" when we make reference to something for the first time; the next reference we make, we use the definite article.
Example:
I live in an apartment. The apartment is big.
4. With professions, offices and political affiliations, we use the indefinite article.
Examples:
Maria is a doctor.
Juan is an architect.
I am a democrat.
V. PREPOSITIONS
We have already seen the various uses of the three most common prepositions ("in", "at", "on")
IN
Use (time): "In" Use in for parts of the day months seasons and years
the morning.
the evening
December
the summer
1998
ON
Use (time): "On" Use on for days and dates
Monday · the 12th of July
my birthday
AT
Use (time): "AT" Use at for times of day, night, and festivals
two o'clock · midnight
lunchtime · Christmas
New Year
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