I consider the most fundamental aspect of weather forecasting to be an understanding of what is known as the diurnal temperature cycle. The word "diurnal" comes from the Latin "diurnus", which means daily. The diurnal temperature cycle consists of the daily rise and fall of temperatures caused by the progression of daytime and nighttime.
Most people have fundamental misconceptions of the diurnal temperature cycle. See how you stand. Imagine a sunny day in which the sun rises at 6:00 AM and sets at 6:00 PM.
1.) When would the temperature rise most rapidly?
2.) When would the hottest time of the day be?
3.) When would the temperature fall most rapidly?
4.) When would the coldest time of the night be?