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Cloze 1: Cats
Cloze 1: Cats
Cats of all kinds are present in the legends, religion, mythology, and history of (1) ... different cultures. Cave paintings created by early humans display different types of wild cats (2) ... are now extinct, or no longer around. Many of these great beasts saw humans as food, but were hunted by humans in return. Cats similar (3) ... the ones kept as pets today started showing up in artwork thousands of years ago. For example, the ancient Egyptians believed cats were the sacred, or special, animal of a goddess named Bast. They believed that Bast often appeared as a cat, so many ancient Egyptians respected and honoured cats and kittens. (4) ..., other cultures feared cats or thought that they brought illnesses and bad luck. Today, with millions kept as pets in homes around the world, cats have become important members of many families. No one knows for sure when or (5) ... cats became very popular household pets. It's possible that people noticed how cats hunted mice and rats, (6) ... they set food and milk out to keep the cats near their homes. This helped to prevent (7) ... many of these rodents (8) ... coming into homes and eating people's food or spreading sickness.
GAP 1 (MANY)
... mythology, and history of many different cultures. Cave paintings ...
MANY => DETERMINER
MANY => used with plural nouns and verbs, especially in negative sentences and questions, to mean 'a large number of '.
Common Errors:
He has got many friends. X in affirmative sentences we use A LOT OF or PLANTY OF!
He hasn't got many friends. V MANY is usually used in questions and negative sentences!
GAP 2 (THAT/WHICH)
... different types of wild cats that\which are now extinct, or no longer around ...
WHICH | THAT => RELATIVE PRONOUN
WHICH | THAT => used after a noun to show what thing or things you mean.
Common Errors:
He gave me the book, that was very old. X in non-defining clauses THAT cannot replace WHICH!
This is the book that you wanted. V in defining relative clauses we can use WHICH or THAT!
This is the book which you wanted. V in defining relative clauses we can use WHICH or THAT!
GAP 3 (TO)
... hunted by humans in return. Cats similar to the ones kept as pets today ...
SIMILAR + TO => ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION
SIMILAR TO => almost the same.
Common Errors:
The climate of Spain is similar with that found in Portugal. X We never use WITH after SIMILAR!
The climate of Spain is similar to that found in Portugal. V
GAP 4 (HOWEVER/NEVERTHELESS)
... honoured cats and kittens. However, other cultures feared cats or thought ... HOWEVER => ADVERB
HOWEVER | NEVERTHELESS => used when you are adding a fact or piece of information that seems surprising, or seems very different from what you have just said.
Common Errors:
We thought the figures were correct. However we have now discovered some errors. X COMMA must be used after HOWEVER!
We thought the figures were correct. However, we have now discovered some errors. V
GAP 5 (HOW/WHERE)
... No one knows for sure when or how cats became very popular household pets.
HOW => ADVERB
HOW => used to ask or talk about the way in which something happens or is done.
Common Errors:
What do you spell your name? X
How do you spell your name? V
GAP 6 (SO)
... how cats hunted mice and rats, so they set food and milk out to keep the cats near ...
SO => CONJUNCTION
SO =>used to say that someone does something because of the reason just stated.
Common Errors:
It was still painful and I went to see a doctor. X
It was still painful so I went to see a doctor. V SO is used to show the reason for something!
GAP 7 (TOO)
... homes. This helped to prevent too many of these rodents from coming into homes and ...
TOO + MANY => ADVERB + DETERMINER
TOO => more than is required, desirable or suitable.
Common Errors:
There are too much vehicles on the road. X
There are too many vehicles on the road. V
GAP 8 (FROM)
... helped to prevent too many of these rodents from coming into homes and eating people's food ...
PREVENT + FROM => VERB + PREPOSITION
PREVENT sb FROM (doing) sth => to stop someone doing something or something happening.
Common Errors:
The high wall prevented them to see the garden. X
The high wall prevented them from seeing the garden. V PREVENT is alwyas used with FROM!
Cloze 2: Printing Pioneer Johannes Gutenberg
Cloze 2: Printing Pioneer Johannes Gutenberg
Before Gutenberg (1394 – 1468), all books had to be copied by hand. The so-called ‘manuscripts’ of medieval times were laboriously hand-written, usually by monks (1) ... devoted years (2) ... the work. Earlier attempts had been made to produce printing ‘blocks’. The designs on playing cards (3) ... example were carved from wooden blocks which were inked and then printed onto cards. There are even examples of whole pages in books being hand carved and printed. Gutenberg however came up with the idea of printing using, not whole page blocks, but letter blocks. (4) ... he was a goldsmith (5) ... trade, he knew how to mould metal into whatever shape was needed. He made thousands of tiny blocks of ‘type’, (6) ... with a letter raised on it, which could be lined up and clamped into position in a ‘forme’ (page block). The type could be linked, paper laid on top, and the whole thing compressed by turning a handle. When released, the paper had the page printed on it. Years of work went into this invention. Gutenberg (7) ... to make the letters, develop an ink which would cling to metal (most didn’t), build the forme, and above (8) ... find the money to do all this while not working as a goldsmith.
GAP 1 (WHO/THAT) ... hand-written, usually by monks who/that devoted years to the work. Earlier attempts ...
WHO/THAT => RELATIVE PRONOUN
WHO/THAT => used to show which person or people you mean.
Common Errors:
His mother, that was tired out, gave him a snack. X in non-defining clauses THAT cannot replace WHO!
The man that telephoned was a friend of yours. V in defining relative clauses we can use WHO or THAT!
The man who telephoned was a friend of yours. V in defining relative clauses we can use WHO or THAT!
GAP 2 (TO) ... hand-written, usually by monks who devoted years to are now extinct, or no longer around ...
DEVOTE + TO => VERB + PREPOSITION
DEVOTE sth TO sth => to give up your time, money etc. to something.
Common Errors:
He devotes her life for music. X
He devotes her life to music. V
GAP 3 (FOR) ... The designs on playing cards for example were carved from wooden blocks which were ...
FOR + EXAMPLE => FIXED PHRASE
FOR EXAMPLE => used to give an example of what you are saying.
Other Fixed Phrases and Idioms:
MAKE AN EXAMPLE OF SOMEBODY => to punish somebody as a warning to others not to do the same thing.
SET AN EXAMPLE => to behave in a way that shows other people how to behave.
COLLOCATIONS => CLASSIC/TYPICAL/PRIME/GOOD EXAMPLE.
GAP 4 (BECAUSE) ... blocks, but letter blocks. Because he was a goldsmith by trade, he knew how ...
BECAUSE + SUBJECT + VERB
BECAUSE => (CONJUNCTION), used when you are giving the reason for something.
BECAUSE + SUBJECT + VERB
Common Errors:
She couldn't go because her illness. X
She couldn't go because she was ill. V
GAP 5 (BY) ... he was a goldsmith by trade, he knew how to mould metal into whatever shape was needed. ...
BY + TRADE => FIXED PHRASE
BY TRADE => by profession.
Common Errors:
He's an electrician on trade. X
He's an electrician by trade. V
GAP 6 (EACH) ... thousands of tiny blocks of 'type', each with a letter raised on it, which could be lined up and ...
EACH => DETERMINER
EACH => every one of two or more things or people, considered separately.
Common Errors:
Each members of the club was given a medal. X
Each member of the club was given a medal. V EACH + SINGULAR NOUN!
GAP 7 (HAD) ... into this invention. Gutenberg had to make the letters, develop an ink which would cling ...
HAD + TO => MODAL VERB
HAD TO => the past participle of 'have to'. If you have to do something, you must do it because it is necessary or because someone makes you do it.
Common Errors:
She has to get up at 6 o'clock tomorrow. Her train leaves at 7. X
She has to get up at 6 o'clock tomorrow. Her train leaves at 7. V You HAVE TO do sth because of a rule or the situation!
GAP 8 (ALL) ... build the forme, and above all find the money to do all this while not working ...
ABOVE + ALL => IDIOM
ABOVE ALL => most important of all; especially.
Other Fixed Phrases and Idioms:
AT ALL => in any way.
ALL OVER => over the whole of a person, thing; everywhere.
ALL IN ALL => when everything is considered.
Cloze 3: Working in Hospitality Industry
Cloze 3: Working in Hospitality Industry
Whatever you do in tourism, you are likely to have a (1) ... of contact (2) ... other people. This can be both enjoyable (3) ... difficult. You will soon find (4) ... how often people behave unlike their usual selves while on holiday, or trying to arrange a holiday. (5) ... they stay in their own country or go abroad, they want to get away from it all, they (6) ... paying hard-earned money to relax from work, and they want value (7) ... money.
They will also be in unfamiliar surroundings and unsure of themselves. When things go well their happiness is infectious - it is very rewarding helping (8) ... and contributing to the enjoyment of their holiday. When things go badly, clients blame the hotel staff or tour operator's representative, even if it isn't their fault. You've just got to keep calm and keep smiling when people are shouting at you.
GAP 1 (LOT) ... tourism, you are likely to have a lot of contact with other people. This can be ...
A LOT OF => DETERMINER
A LOT OF => a large number or amount of somebody/something.
Common Errors:
She's got many friends in the town. X MANY is used mainly in questions and negative sentences.
She's got a lot of friends in the town. V In statements A LOT OF (informal) is much more common.
GAP 2 (WITH) ... you are likely to have a lot of contact with other people. This can be both enjoyable ...
CONTACT + WITH => NOUN + PREPOSITION
CONTACT WITH sb => the act of communicating with somebody, especially regularly.
Common Errors:
He's lost contact to all his relatives. X
He's lost contact with all his relatives. V
GAP 3 (AND) ... This can be both enjoyable and difficult. You will soon find out how often people behave ...
BOTH ... AND ... => CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION
BOTH ... AND ... => used before two words or phrases connected with and to stress that each is included.
Common Errors:
Both Carol and Marion is attending the course. X
Both Carol and Marion are attending the course. V PLURAL VERB FORM!
GAP 4 (OUT) ... difficult. You will soon find out how often people behave unlike their usual selves while ...
FIND + OUT => PHRASAL VERB
FIND OUT => to get some information about something/somebody by asking, reading, etc.
Other Fixed Phrases and Idioms:
FIND FAULT => to criticize someone or something.
FIND YOUR WAY => to reach a place by discovering the right way to get there.
FIND YOUR WAY (TO) => to discover the right route (to a place).
GAP 5 (WHETHER) ... holiday. Whether they stay in their own country or go abroad, they want to get away ...
WHETHER ... OR ... => CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION
WHETHER ... OR ... => used to express a doubt or choice between two possibilities.
Common Errors:
John was uncertain if to go or stay. V LESS FORMAL but also correct!
John was uncertain whether to go or stay. V MORE FORMAL
GAP 6 (ARE) ... want to get away from it all, they are paying hard-earned money to relax from work ...
AUXILIARY VERB + (VERB + ING) => PRESENT CONTINUOUS
ARE => used with a present participle to form progressive tenses.
Common Errors:
You are coming with us? X
Are you coming with us? V
GAP 7 (FOR) ... work, and they want value for money. They will also be in unfamiliar surroundings ...
VALUE + FOR + MONEY => IDIOM
VALUE FOR MONEY => (BRITISH ENGLISH) good value, or the quality of being good value.
Common Errors:
It cost only 5 €, a great value of money. X
It cost only 5 €, a great value for money. V
GAP 8 (OTHERS) ... it is very rewarding helping others and contributing to the enjoyment of their holiday ...
OTHERS => DETERMINER
OTHERS => WITHOUT NOUN (PLURAL UNSPECIFIC) refers to 'different or additional people or things'.
Common Errors:
I don't want those books. I want another. X
I don't want those books. I want others. V OTHERS without NOUN!
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