John Cage (1912-1992) 卡吉
生平簡介
1912 年 9 月 5 日出生於洛杉磯,1992 年 8 月去世。
作曲家的創作和革命思想深刻影響了 20 世紀中期。卡吉(Cage)是三個最具創新力作曲家的學生,他們是阿道夫·魏斯(Adolph Weiss),亨利·考威爾(Henry Cowell)和阿諾德·荀白克(Arnold Schoenberg)。
在西雅圖(1936-38)教授音樂時,他嘗試打擊樂合奏和舞蹈作品(與舞蹈家 Merce Cunningham 合作)。他的音樂在鋼琴家戴維·都鐸(David Tudor)的早期獲得了追捧,卡吉與他進行廣泛的巡迴演出,並為準備好的鋼琴演奏卡吉的作品。卡吉(Cage)於 1952 年帶領“磁帶音樂”組織。從 1945 年至 92 年擔任坎寧安舞蹈團音樂總監;1948 - 52 年活躍於黑山學院;介紹預置鋼琴演奏,並嘗試開創性/廣泛地使用了隨機創作。
卡吉向禪宗和其他非歐洲哲學尋求啟發,並得出結論,構成音樂的所有活動都必須視為一個自然過程的一部分。他的目的是鼓勵聽眾將耳朵當成漏斗而不是過濾器,用來注意所有聲音現象,而不僅僅是作曲家選擇的音高。為此,他在音樂中培養了不確定性原則。他使用多種器材來確保隨機性,從而消除了演奏者個人品味的任何元素:他透過未指定的樂器和演奏者數量,整個作品的聲音持續時間自由,符號不精確,以及經過隨機方式(例如與易經配合運算)確定的事件序列。
他寫了幾本書,包括《沉默》(Silence,1961),並且是一位頗有成就的真理學家。 他曾在多所大學任教,並合作製作了多媒體戲劇作品。他的影響力擴展到厄爾·布朗(Earle Brown),莫頓·費爾德曼(Morton Feldman)和弗蘭克·扎帕(Frank Zappa)等知名作曲家,以及眾多其他發現他的不確定性哲學與創作欲相稱的作曲家和藝術家。
重要作品
Sonata, for clarinet (1933)
First Construction in Metal, for Percussion Sextet with Assistant (1939)
Living room music, for percussion and speech quartet (1939)
Bacchanale, solo for piano prepared (1940)
Imaginary landscape n° 3, for six percussion players (1942) — 第三號想像中的風景
The Wonderful Widow of Eighteen Springs, for voice and piano (1942)
Amores, for piano and percussion (1943)
She is asleep, percussions quartet (1943)
Totem Ancestor, arrangement pour quatuor à cordes d'Eric Salzman (1943)
A Valentine out of season, Music for xenia to play on a prepared grand piano (1944)
Root of an unfocus, pour piano préparé (1944)
Daughters of the Lonesome Isle (1945) 〔音樂下載〕
Nocturne, for violin and piano (1947)
The Seasons, Ballet in one act (1947)
Dream, music for the Dance by Merce Cunningham, for piano solo (1948)
In a landscape, for piano or harp solo (1948) 〔音樂下載〕
Suite for toy piano (1948)
A Flower, for Voice and Closed Piano (1950)
Six melodies, for violin and keyboard (1950)
Music for Marcel Duchamp, for prepared piano (1947-51)
Concerto pour piano préparé (1951)
Imaginary landscape n° 4 or March n° 2, for 12 radios (1951) — 第四號想像中的風景
Music of Changes, pour piano (1951) — 易
4'33" (four minutes & thirty-three seconds of silence) (1952)
Music for Carillon, graph n°1 (1952)
Seven Haiku, for piano solo (1952)
Water music (1952)
Solo for a Sliding Trombone (1957)
Aria, for Voice (any range) (1958)
Concert for Piano and Orchestra, 1 mouvement (1957-8)
Solo for voice I (1958)
Winter music (1959) — 冬天的音樂
Five songs, for contralto (1960)
Fontana mix (1960) — 混合噴泉
Cartridge Music (1960)
Atlas Eclipticalis (1961) — 黃道表
Discours sur Rien (1961)
Rozart mix, correspondence and notes, for magnetic tape (1965)
Cheap Imitation, for Solo Piano (1969)
Third Construction, for 4 percussion players (1970)
Bird Cage, pour 12 bandes magnétiques (1972)
Cheap Imitation, for violin solo (1972)
Etudes australes, for piano (1974)
Child of tree, for percussion solo (1975)
Branches, for percussion solo, duet, trio or orchestra (1976)
Chorals, for violin solo (1978)
Etudes boréales, for a percussionist using a piano (1978)
Etudes boréales, for violoncelle solo (1978)
Hymns and Variations, for 12 amplified voices (1979)
Litany for the whale, Recitation and thirty-two responses for two voices (1980)
Roaratorio, an Irish Circus on «Finnegans Wake» (1980)
Postcard from Heaven, for 1 - 20 harps (1982)
Ryoanji, Solos for voice with percussion or orchestral obbligato and ad libitum with other pieces of the same title (1983)
Ryoanji, for percussion (1983)
Thirty pieces, for string quartet (1983)
Ryoanji, for flute with percussion or orchestral obbligato and ad libitum with other pieces of the same title (1984)
ASLSP, for piano or organ solo (1987 - 1985)
Music for Four (1987)
One, for piano solo (1987)
Four (1989)
Freeman Etudes, deux fois seize études pour violon solo (1977 - 1990)
Fourteen for Piano & Instrumental Ensemble (1990)
Indeterminancy (with David Tudor)