Steve Reich(1936-)史蒂夫·賴希
生平簡介
史蒂夫·賴希(Steve Reich),史蒂芬·邁克爾·賴希(Stephen Michael Reich)的替代名字(生於 1936 年 10 月 3 日,美國紐約),美國作曲家,是極簡主義的主要代表人物之一,這種風格奠基在重複和簡單圖案與和聲的組合。
賴希(Reich)是律師和歌手兼作曲家的兒子。他在康奈爾大學主修哲學(1953-57 年),在茱莉亞音樂學院(以前的茱莉亞音樂學院)學習作曲,然後從米爾斯學院取得碩士學位(1963 年),在那裡他的老師包括作曲家達里烏斯·米堯(Darius Milhaud)和盧西亞諾·貝里奧(Luciano Berio)。賴希還演奏鍵盤樂器和打擊樂器。 到 1966 年,當他組建自己的樂團時,他已經在創作極簡主義作品。
像極簡主義者菲利普·格拉斯(Philip Glass)的作品一樣,賴希(Reich)的作品也拒絕了 20 世紀中葉古典和聲與調性的特有複雜性,目的是用最少的材料製作大型作品,例如單和弦,簡短的音樂主題,口語感嘆。重複進行詳細述說,並慢慢引入一些小變化。Reich 在 1965 年的 Gonna Rain 和 1966 年的 Come Out 中記錄了磁帶環的早期實驗,這使得 Reich 可以觀察到相互交織的節奏模式,隨後可以重新構圖。他的一些作品甚至結合了現場表演者和錄音帶的表演。賴希(Reich)從美國本土音樂(尤其是爵士樂)以及民族和古代音樂中汲取了更多靈感。他在加納(1970)學習非洲鼓樂,在加州西雅圖和伯克利(1973–74)學習巴厘島甘美朗音樂,並在紐約和耶路撒冷(1976–77)進行中東誦經。
賴希的早期作品包括給四個電子管風琴和砂槌(Maracas)的《四個管風琴》(Four Organs,1970);給小型鼓,馬林巴琴,鐘琴,兩個人聲,口哨和短笛的《Drumming》(1971);以及拍手音樂《Clapping Music》(1972)。漸漸地,他開始為大型樂團創作樂曲,並於 1976 年完成了 18 位音樂家的音樂創作,該樂曲圍繞 11 個充滿活力的和弦循環構成,這也許是他最著名的作品。特希里姆(Tehillim,1981 年)標記了賴希(Reich)的第一種文字創作背景-在希伯來語中演唱的詩篇(Psalms),隨後,他創作了《沙漠音樂(The Desert Music)》(1984 年),這是威廉·卡洛斯·威廉姆斯(William Carlos Williams)的一首詩,為 106 名音樂家配樂。
對於 在《不同的火車》(1988 年)中,賴希整合了有關鐵路旅行的錄音片段,包括對大屠殺倖存者的懷念,還有一個弦樂四重奏,既模仿了火車的節奏,又模仿了錄音帶上聲音的自然音樂性。該作品由克羅諾斯四重奏(Kronos Quartet)演奏,並於 1989 年獲得格萊美獎最佳當代作品獎。
賴希與他的妻子,視頻藝術家貝里爾·科羅特(Beryl Korot)合作製作了兩部多媒體歌劇:《洞穴(The Cave)》(1993),探討猶太人和穆斯林的共同宗教遺產;《故事三(Three Tales)》(2002),對 20 世紀的技術進行反思。他的作品 Double Sextet(2007)為 12 位音樂家或 6 位演奏者錄製了自己的唱片,獲得了 2009 年普利茲音樂獎。為了紀念 2001 年 9 月 11 日對世界貿易中心的點擊,賴希撰寫了 WTC 9/11:《三件弦樂器和預先錄製的聲音的四重奏》(2010),並結合了悲劇發生之日緊急人員和紐約居民的錄音。
2018 年,他 30 多年來的第一首管弦樂作品由洛杉磯愛樂樂團演出。 他與德國畫家格哈德·里希特(Gerhard Richter)合作為紐約文化機構 The Shed 進行了多媒體演示,該演示於 2019 年演出。
由於對音樂的整體發展做出了貢獻,Reich 於 2006 年獲得了日本美術協會的大英帝國(Praemium Imperiale)獎。
創作作品
Soundtrack for Plastic Haircut, tape (1963)
Music for two or more pianos (1964)
Livelihood (1964)
It's Gonna Rain, tape (1965)
Soundtrack for Oh Dem Watermelons, tape (1965)
Come Out, tape (1966)
Melodica, for melodica and tape (1966)
Reed Phase, for soprano saxophone or any other reed instrument and tape, or three reed instruments (1966)
Piano Phase for two pianos, or two marimbas (1967)
Slow Motion Sound concept piece (1967)
Violin Phase for violin and tape or four violins (1967)
My Name Is for three tape recorders and performers (1967)
Pendulum Music for 3 or 4 microphones, amplifiers and loudspeakers (1968) (revised 1973)
Pulse Music for phase shifting pulse gate (1969)
Four Log Drums for four log drums and phase shifting pulse gate (1969)
Four Organs for four electric organs and maracas (1970)
Phase Patterns for four electric organs (1970)
Drumming for 4 pairs of tuned bongo drums, 3 marimbas, 3 glockenspiels, 2 female voices, whistling and piccolo (1970/1971)
Clapping Music for two musicians clapping (1972)
Music for Pieces of Wood for five pairs of tuned claves (1973)
Six Pianos (1973) – also arranged as Six Marimbas (1986), adapted as Six Marimbas Counterpoint (2010) and Piano Counterpoint (2011) by the others
Music for Mallet Instruments, Voices and Organ (1973)
Music for 18 Musicians (1974–76)
Music for a Large Ensemble (1978, rev. 1979)
Octet (1979) – withdrawn in favor of the 1983 revision for slightly larger ensemble, Eight Lines
Variations for Winds, Strings and Keyboards for orchestra (1979)
Tehillim for voices and ensemble (1981)
Vermont Counterpoint for amplified flute and tape (1982)
The Desert Music for chorus and orchestra or voices and ensemble (1983, text by William Carlos Williams)
Sextet for percussion and keyboards (1984, rev. 1985)
New York Counterpoint for amplified clarinet and tape, or 11 clarinets and bass clarinet (1985)
Three Movements for orchestra (1986)
Electric Counterpoint for electric guitar or amplified acoustic guitar and tape (1987, for Pat Metheny)
The Four Sections for orchestra (1987)
Different Trains for string quartet and tape (1988)
The Cave for four voices, ensemble and video (1993, with Beryl Korot)
Duet for two violins and string ensemble (1993, dedicated to Yehudi Menuhin)
Nagoya Marimbas for two marimbas (1994)
City Life for amplified ensemble (1995)
Proverb for voices and ensemble (1995, text by Ludwig Wittgenstein)
Triple Quartet for amplified string quartet (with prerecorded tape), or three string quartets, or string orchestra (1998)
Know What Is Above You for four women’s voices and 2 tamborims (1999)
Three Tales for video projection, five voices and ensemble (1998–2002, with Beryl Korot)
Dance Patterns for 2 xylophones, 2 vibraphones and 2 pianos (2002)
Cello Counterpoint for amplified cello and multichannel tape (2003)
You Are (Variations) for voices and ensemble (2004)
For Strings (with Winds and Brass) for orchestra (1987/2004)
Variations for Vibes, Pianos, and Strings dance piece for three string quartets, four vibraphones, and two pianos (2005)
Daniel Variations for four voices and ensemble (2006)
Double Sextet for 2 violins, 2 cellos, 2 pianos, 2 vibraphones, 2 clarinets, 2 flutes or ensemble and pre-recorded tape (2007)
2×5 for 2 drum sets, 2 pianos, 4 electric guitars and 2 bass guitars (2008)
Mallet Quartet for 2 marimbas and 2 vibraphones or 4 marimbas (or solo percussion and tape) (2009)
WTC 9/11 for string quartet and tape (2010)
Finishing the Hat for two pianos (2011)
Radio Rewrite for ensemble (2012)
Quartet for two vibraphones and two pianos (2013)
Pulse for winds, strings, piano and electric bass (2015)
Runner for large ensemble (2016)
For Bob for piano (2017)
Music for Ensemble and Orchestra (2018)
Reich/Richter for large ensemble (2019)