Witold Lutosławski(1913-1994)盧托斯洛夫斯基
生平簡介
盧托斯洛夫斯基(Witold Lutosławski),1913 年 1 月 25 日生於波蘭華沙,1994 年 2 月 7 日於華沙去世,是 20 世紀傑出的波蘭作曲家,他試圖通過結合民歌元素來創造一種新的音樂語言,12 音系列,無調對位和控制即興演奏,讓人聯想到偶然的(機會,請參閱偶然的音樂)作品,同時保留了傳統和聲和旋律的元素。
Lutosławski 在華沙大學學習數學,並從華沙音樂學院取得了鋼琴(1936)和作曲(1937)的文憑。在納粹佔領波蘭期間,他參加了秘密音樂會,其中包括被禁的音樂。他的戰前作品(最著名的是 1938 年的《交響變奏曲》)主要是傳統的新古典主義作品,常常融合了傳統的民間音樂。然而,當他的第一交響曲(1941 年)於 1948 年首演時,新共產黨政府譴責該曲為“形式主義”,並禁止盧托斯洛夫斯基日益前衛的作品在公眾場合露面。他靠寫兒童歌曲和電影配樂來謀生,直到這些限制在 1950 年代中期得以緩解。在根據民間主題創作了他的《管弦樂協奏曲》後不久,他於 1955 年獲得了許多政府獎項中的第一項。
盧托斯洛夫斯基談到他的弦樂的葬禮音樂(1958 年)標誌著他的風格的轉折點;這是一首 12 音色的作品,致力於紀念匈牙利作曲家貝拉·巴托克(Béla Bartók)。接下來,他做了一個實驗性作品,在該作品中,他首先結合了傳統效果和偶然性操作:威尼斯人運動會,專為 1961 年威尼斯藝術節創作。在這部作品中,盧托斯洛夫斯基使用非常規的視覺符號來指導表演者進行各種即興表演。
儘管盧托斯洛夫斯基(Lutosławski)以管弦樂作品而聞名,但他還寫過鋼琴作品、兒童歌曲、合唱作品和弦樂四重奏(1964)。他後來的作品包括《大提琴和管弦樂協奏曲》(1970 年),《小提琴和管弦樂的對話 2:對話》(1985 年),《鋼琴協奏曲》(1988 年)和《第四交響曲》(1992 年)。
創作作品
管弦樂(Orchestral)
Symphonies:
Symphony No. 1 (1941–1947)
Symphony No. 2 (1965–1967)
Symphony No. 3 (1981–1983)
Symphony No. 4 (1988–1992)
Symphonic Variations (1936–1938)
Overture for Strings (1949)
Little Suite, for chamber orchestra (1950), for symphony orchestra (1951)
Concerto for Orchestra (1950–1954)
Musique funèbre (Muzyka żałobna), for string orchestra (1954–1958)
Three Postludes for Orchestra (1958–1963)
Jeux vénitiens (Venetian Games) for chamber orchestra (1960–1961)
Livre pour orchestre (1968)
Preludes and a Fugue, for 13 solo strings (1970–1972)
Mi-parti (1975–1976)
Novelette (1978–1979)
Chain I, for chamber ensemble (1983)
Fanfare for Louisville, for woodwinds, brass, and percussion (1985)
Chain III, for orchestra (1986)
Prelude for G.M.S.D., for orchestra (1989)
Interlude for Orchestra (1989, to link Partita and Chain 2)
協奏曲(Concertante)
Piano
Variations on a Theme by Paganini, for piano and orchestra (1978)
Piano Concerto (1987–1988)
Violin
Chain II, dialogue for violin and orchestra (1984–1985)
Partita, for violin and orchestra (1988)
Violin Concerto (1994) (片段)
Cello
Cello Concerto (1969–1970)
Grave, metamorphoses for cello and string orchestra (1981)
Clarinet
Dance Preludes, for clarinet and chamber orchestra (1955)
Other
Double Concerto for Oboe, Harp and Chamber Orchestra (1979–1980)
聲樂曲(Vocal)
Lacrimosa, for soprano, optional SATB chorus, and orchestra (1937, 片段)
Pieśni walki podziemnej (Songs of the Underground) for voice and piano (1942–1944)
Twenty Polish Christmas Carols (Dwadzieścia kolęd), for voice and piano (1946, 改編管弦樂 1984–1989)
Silesian Triptych (Tryptyk Śląski), for soprano and orchestra (1951)
Children's Songs, for voice and piano (1953, 改編管弦樂 1954)
Five Songs, for soprano and piano (1957, 改編管弦樂 1958)
Trois poèmes d'Henri Michaux, for chorus and orchestra (1961–1963)
Paroles tissées (Woven Words), for tenor and chamber orchestra (1965)
Les Espaces du sommeil (Spaces of Sleep), for baritone and orchestra (1975)
Chantefleurs et Chantefables, for soprano and orchestra (1989–1990)
室內樂/樂器(Chamber/instrumental)
Piano Sonata (1934)
Variations on a Theme by Paganini, for two pianos (1941)
Melodie Ludowe (Folk Melodies), 12 easy pieces for piano (1945)
Recitative e Arioso, for violin and piano (1951)
Dance Preludes (Lutoslawski), for clarinet and piano (1954)
Dance Preludes, for nine instruments (1959)
Bukoliki (Bucolics) for viola and cello (1952, arranged 1962)
String Quartet (1964)
Epitaph in memoriam Alan Richardson for oboe and piano (1979)
Grave, metamorphoses for cello and piano (1981)
Mini Overture, for brass quintet (1982)
Tune for Martin Nordwall, for trumpet (1984)
Partita, for violin and piano (1984)
Slides, for chamber ensemble (1988)
Subito, for violin and piano (1991)
電影音樂(Film music)
Odrą do Bałtyku (Along the Oder to the Baltic), documentary film (1945)
Suita Warszawska (Warsaw Suite), 35mm documentary film (1946)
年代編序(Chronological)
Prelude for piano (1922)
Small pieces for piano (1923–1926)
Lullaby in E major for piano (1926)
Three Preludes for piano (1927)
Two Sonatas for violin and piano (1927, 1928)
Poeme for piano (1928)
Variations for piano (1929)
Dance of the Chimera for piano (1930)
Scherzo for orchestra (1930)
Hymn of the Pupils of the Stefan Batory State Gymnasium in Warsaw for mixed chorus a capella (1930–1931)
Version for male chorus
Haroun al. Rashid for orchestra (1931)
Two songs (Water-Nymph and Linden Lullaby) for voice and piano (1934)
Piano Sonata (1934) 25’
Music for three educational films Fire, Beware!, Short-circuit (1935–1937)
Double Fugue for orchestra (1936)
Prelude and aria for piano (1936)
Requiem aeternam and Lacrimosa for choir and orchestra (1937) 3’
Symphonic Variations for orchestra (1936–1938) 9’
Two studies for piano (1940–1941) 5’
Variations on a theme by Paganini for two pianos (1941) 6’
Version for piano and orchestra (1979)
Songs of the Underground Struggle for voice and piano (1942–1944) 15’
Fifty Contrapuntal Studies for Woodwind, etc. (1943–1944)
Trio for oboe, clarinet, and bassoon (1944–1945) 16’
Folk Melodies for piano (1945) 10’
Five Folk Melodies – transcribed for string orchestra (1952)
Four Silesian Melodies – transcribed for four violins (1954)
Three Carols for male and female solo voices, unison mixed chorus, and chamber ensemble (1945) 11’
Along the Oder to the Baltic (1945) 39’Music for a documentary film
Warsaw Suite (1946) 35’Music for a documentary film
Twenty Carols for voice and piano (1946)
Transcribed for soprano voice, female chorus and orchestra (1984–1989) 45–50’
Symphony No. 1 for orchestra (1941–1947) 25’
Six Children's Songs for voice and piano (1947) 8’
Transcribed for children's choir and orchestra (1952)
Transcribed for mezzo-soprano and orchestra (1953)
Two Children's Songs for voice and piano (1948) 4’ written to the words by Julian Tuwim
Transcribed for voice and chamber orchestra (1952)
The Snowslide for voice and piano (1949) 5’
Overture for Strings (1949) 5’
Little Suite for chamber orchestra (1950) 11’
Version for symphonic orchestra (1951)
Service to Poland – a mass song for voice and piano (1950)
Version for male chorus and piano (1951)
I Would Marry – a mass song for voice and piano (1950)
Version for mixed chorus a capella (1951)
The Road of Victory a mass song for voice and piano (1950)
Strawchain and Other Songs for soprano, mezzo-soprano, flute, oboe, 2 clarinets, and bassoon (1950–1951) 10’
Silesian Triptych for soprano and orchestra (1951) 10’
Recitativo e arioso for violin and piano (1951) 3’
Spring, children's songs for mezzo-soprano and chamber orchestra (1951) 8’
Autumn, children's songs for mezzo-soprano and chamber orchestra (1951) 7’
Ten Polish Folksongs on Soldiers’ Themes for male chorus a capella (1951)
We Are Going Forward a mass song for voice and piano (1951)
Version for mixed chorus a capella (1951)
Nowa Huta – a mass song for voice and piano (1952)
The Most Beautiful Dream a mass song for voice and piano (1952)
Version for mixed chorus and male chorus a capella (1952)
Cockle Shell and A Silver Windowpane (1952)
Version for mezzo-soprano and chamber orchestra (1953)
Bucolics for piano (1952) 5’
Version for viola and cello (1962)
Comrade – a mass song for voice and piano (1952)
Version for mixed chorus and orchestra (1952)
Spring week – a mass song for voice and piano (1952)
Version for mixed chorus and orchestra (1952)
Song about a Sloe-Tree a mass song for voice and piano (1952)
Three Fragments for flute and harp (1953) 3’40’’
Three soldier songs for voice and piano (1953)
Ten Polish Dances for chamber orchestra (1953)
Miniature for Two Pianos (1953) 2’
Three Pieces for the Young for piano (1953) 4’
A Little Sparrow and A Little Feather, children's songs for voice and piano (1953)
Version for voice and chamber orchestra (1953)
Garlands and Goodbye to Holiday, children's songs for voice and piano (1953)
Dandelions for orchestra
Sleep, Sleep, a children's song for mezzo-soprano and chamber orchestra (1954)
Winter Waltz for dance orchestra (1954)
Night is falling, a children's song for mezzo-soprano and chamber orchestra (1954)
Vegetables for mezzo-soprano and chamber orchestra (1954)
Difficult Sums, a children's song for mezzo-soprano and chamber orchestra (1954)
Concerto for Orchestra (1950–1954) 30’
Four Orchestral Signals (1954)
Dance Preludes for clarinet in B-flat and piano (1954) 7’
Transcribed for clarinet and chamber orchestra (1955)
Transcribed for nine instruments (1959)
An Overheard Tune for four part piano (1957) 5’
Five Songs to Kazimiera Iłłakowiczówna's poems for soprano and piano (1957) 10’
Transcribed for soprano and instrumental ensemble (1958)
Musique funèbre (Muzyka żałobna) (1954–1958) 15’
Night Owl and A twiglet, a children's songs for voice and piano (1956–58)
Song on April Fools’Day, a children's song for voice and piano (1958)
Cuckoo, Cuckoo!, a children's song for voice and piano (1958)
The Tale of the Little Spark and Other Songs for Children for voice and piano (1958)
On Wronia Street in Warsaw, a children's song for voice and piano (1958)
Six Christmas Carols for 3 recorders (1959)
Three children's songs for voice and piano written to lyrics by Benedykt Hertz (1959)
Three Postludes for orchestra (1958–1963) 17’
Jeux vénitiens (Venetian Games) for chamber orchestra (1960–1961) 13’
Trois poemes d’Henri Michaux/ Three Poems of Henri Michaux for mixed chorus and orchestra of winds and percussion (1961–1963) 20’
String Quartet (1964) 24’
Paroles tissées (Woven Words) for tenor and chamber orchestra (1965) 15’
Symphony No. 2 (1965–1967) 30’
Invention for piano (1968) 1’
Livre pour orchestre (1968) 20’
Cello Concerto (1969–1970) archi 24’
Preludes and Fugue for 13 solo strings (1970–1972) 34’
Les espaces du sommeil (Spaces of Sleep) for baritone and orchestra (1975) 15’
Sacher Variation for cello solo (1975) 5’
Mi-parti for orchestra (1975–1976) 15’
Novelette for orchestra (1978–1979) 18’
Epitaph for oboe and piano (1979) 5’
Double Concerto for oboe, harp and chamber orchestra (1979–1980) 20’
Grave. Metamorphoses for cello and piano (1981) 7’
Transcribed for cello and 13 string instruments (1982)
Not for You for soprano and piano (1981) 1’50’’
Mini Overture for brass quintet (1982) 3’ (1211)
Lord Tennyson Song for male chorus (1982)
Symphony No. 3 (1981–1983) 28’
Chain 1 for chamber ensemble (1983) 10’
The Holly and the Ivy for voice and piano (1984) 2’
Tune for Martin Nordwall for trumpet(1984) 1’
Partita for violin and piano (1984) 15’
Version for violin and orchestra (1988)
Chain 2. Dialogue for violin and orchestra (1984–1985) 18’
Chain 3 for orchestra (1985) 10’
Fanfare for Louisville for wind instruments and percussion (1986) 2’
Fanfare for CUBE for brass quintet (1987) 30’’
Piano Concerto (1987–1988) 25’
Slides for 11 soloists (1988) 4’
Prelude for G.S.M.D. (1989) 4’
Fanfare for University of Lancaster (1989) 1’
Interlude for orchestra (1989) 5’
Lullaby ”for Anne-Sophie” for violin and piano (1989)
Tarantella for baritone and piano (1990) 3’
Chantefleurs et Chantefables for soprano and orchestra (1989–1990) 20’
Symphony No. 4 (1988–1992) 22’
Subito for violin and piano (1992) 4’
Fanfare for Los Angeles Philharmonic for brass instruments and percussion (1993) 1’
Violin Concerto (fragments only)